Structural organization of life

1. Chapter 2
Structural Organization of Life
Part II

2. Tissues
Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or
plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their
products.

3. Plant Tissues
Plant Tissue
Meristematic
Tissues
Permanent
Tissues
Simple
Tissue
Compound
Tissue

5. Permanent Tissues
Lack the ability
of divide
Walls are thick
Classified into
two groups:

6. Simple Tissues
ParenchymaTissue
Consists of
living cells
Cells are of
same size and
equally
expanded
Used in storage
of food and
helps in
pnotosynthesis
Collenchyma
Tissues
Consists of
living cells
Usually walls
are thickened at
angles
Found in Stem,
in midrib of
leaves and in
cortex of petiole
Sclerenchyma
Tissues
Consists of
dead cells.
Consists of very
long, narrow
and lignified
cells
Lignin provides
hardness and
strength to the
cell

7. Complex or Compound tissues
• They are made up of more than one type of cells which are
working together as a unit
Compound
Tissues
Xylem Phloem

9. Complex
Tissues
• Transport water and provides
strength to plants
• Conducts water from root
towards stem and leaves
Xylem Tissues
• Transports food in the plants
• Mostly consists of living cells.
Phloem Tissues

10. Plant
Tissues on
the basis
of
Functions
• Outermost covering of leaf, stem and root
• No intracellular space
• Cells are rectangular in shape
Epidermal Tissues
• Develop from meristematic tissues
• Thin walled and larger in size
• Prepare and store food
Ground Tissues
• Provide strength, rigidity and flexibility
Supporting Tissues
Vascular tissues (Xylem and phloem)

11. Animal Tissues
Animal
Tissues
Epithelial
Tissue
Connective
Tissue
Muscular
Tissue
Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Nervous
Tissue

12. Epithelial
Tissues
• Occur in single layer and are closely packed.
• Forms surface layer
• Occur in glands.

13. Connective
Tissues
• Provide support to other tissues
and organs and binds them.
• Range from soft to hard
• Fatty tissues are soft
whereas Cartilage and bone are
hard.
• Blood is also a
special connective tissues.

14. Muscular
Tissue
• Formed of muscular fibres
• Elongated cell having the ability
to contract and relax.
• These tissues are responsible for
movement of the body and body
parts

16. Nervous tissues
• Formed of cells called
neurons or nerve cells.
• Nerve cells conduct messa
ges in the form of electrical
currents.
• The nervous system is
made up of this tissue.

17. ORGAN
System
• An organ system is made when
organs work together as aunit
to perform a particular
function.
• Examples are digestive system,
reproductive system, transport
system etc.

18. Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

19. Organisms
Organisms
Unicellular
organsims
e.g:
Amoeba
Multicellular
Organisms
e.gs: Frog
and
Brassica

20. Amoeba • Unicellular, microscopic and
aquatic eukaryote
• Found in pounds and in
stagnant water
• About 0.25mm in diameter.
• Doesnot possess a permanent
shape and it keeps on
changing.

21. Structure
of
Amoeba
• Amoeba is very simple in
structure
• It is made up of protoplasm which
is surrounded by cell membrane.
• Protoplasm consists of two parts:
1) Cytoplasm
2) Nucleus

22. Cytoplasm• Differentiated into two portions:
Cytoplasm
Ectoplasm
Outer portion
of
Cytopolasm
Transparent
and granular
Endoplasm
Inner portion
ofr
cytoplasm.
Viscous,
translucent
and granular.

23. Organelles
• Cytoplasm consists of following organelles:
• Contractile Vacuole: It removes excess water from the body.
• Food Vacuoles: contain food particles .
• Pseudopodia: Amoeba captures food particles with the help of
Pseudopodia. It also helps in locomotion.

24. Nucleus
• Usually present in the
nucleus but as Amoeba
moves, the nucleus
changes its position.
• Controls all the activities.

25. Multi cellular Organisms
Brassica Flower

27. Brassica Plant(Mustard Plant)
Sown in winter
Used as a
vegetable
(saag)
Oil is extracted
from seeds
called mustard
oil.
Brassica
campestris is
the scientific
name

28. Parts of Plant
• Not involve in sexual
reproduction
• Examples root, stem, leaves
Vegetative
Part
• Involve in sexual
reproduction
• Example Flowers
Reproductive
Parts

29. Internal
Structure of
root
• Outermost and protective layer.
• Single celled
Epidermis
• Made up of several layers of parenchyma cells
• Store food
Cortex
• Innermost layer of cortex
• Check diffusion of water from xylem to cortex.
Endodermis
Pericycle
Vascular Bundle

33. Digestive System of Frog
• This System consists of alimentary canal and accessory
glands.
• Alimentary canal is a coiled tube through which food
passes.

34. Buccal cavity and Pharynx
• Vomerine teeth on the top of
Buccal cavity which are
used to grasp the food.

35. Esophagus, Stomach and Intestine
• Pharynx leads into esophagus, which opens into stomach.
• Anterior end of stomach is called cardiac and posterior is pyloric end.
• After stomach begins duodenum.
• Duodenum and Ileum are called small intestine
• Secretion of pancreas is called pancreatic juice
• Digested food is absorbed by Ileum while undigested food is expelled
through cloacal aperture.

37. Respiratory
System of Frog

38. Respiratory System of Frog
• Frog has three types of respiration on the basis of organs
Respiratory System
Pulmonary
respiration
Cutaneous
Respiration
Buccal Respiration

41. Cardiovascular System of
Frog
The Heart

45. Portal System of Frog
Portal System
Hepatic
Portal System
Renal Portal
System