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Protozoa by Amit Rulhania
1. Phylum Protozoa: Characters
and Classification
Submitted By: Submitted To:
Amit (2991710035) Dr. Asha Kiran Jain
B.Sc.(Biotech)
2. INTRODUCTION
The animals included in phylum Protozoa can be defined as microscopic and
acellular animals without tissues and organs.
First protozoans were discovered by A. V. Leeuwenhoek.
Term Protozoa (From Greek, protos=first, zoon = animals) was given
by Goldfass.
According to five-kingdom classification system, protozoans belong to the
kingdom Protista.
Protozoa exist either singly or in colonies. Almost about 50,000 species are
known till date.
3.
4. GENERAL CHARACTERS
They are known as acellular or non-cellular organism. A protozoan body
consists of only mass of protoplasm, so they are called acellular animals.
Habitat: mostly aquatic, either free living or parasitic or commensal.
Grade of organization: protoplasmic grade of organization. Single cell
performs all the vital activities thus the single cell acts like a whole body.
Body of protozoa is either naked or covered by a pellicle.
Locomotion: Locomotory organ are pseudopodia (false foot) or cilia or
flagella.
Nutrition: Nutrition are autotropic (like plant) or holozoic (like animal) or
saprophytic or parasitic.
5. These are solitary (Euglena), or colonial (Proteospongia).
Digestion: digestion is intracellular, occurs in food vacuoles.
Excretion occurs by diffusion across general body surface or by contractile
vacuoles. Contractile vacuoles serve mainly for Osmoregulation and are
common in freshwater forms.
Respiration: through the body surface.
Osmoregulation: Contractile vacuoles helps in osmoregulation.
Reproduction:
Asexually reproduction is through binary fission or budding.
Sexual reproduction is by syngamy and conjugation.
6. PROTOZOA CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR
SUB-PHYLA
1. SARCO- MASTIGOPHORA
2. SPOROZOA
3. CNIDOSPORA
4. CILIOPHORA
7. 1. SUB-PHYLUM SARCO-
MASTIGOPHORA
Nucleus is monomorphic.
Habitat is free living or parasitic.
Locomotory organ either pseudopodia or flagella or both.
Reproduction asexual , but when sexually it is essentially by syngamy.
Spore formation is absent.
Example: Euglena, Amoeba.
9. SUPER-CLASS MASTIGOPHORA
Charcaters:
Organelles of locomotion: One or more flagella, so
are called flagellates.
Body is covered by pellicle.
Nucleus is Generally one but two in Giardia.
Reproduction is asexual by binary fission
[longitudinal]
Example: Trypanosomes.
11. PHYTOMASTIGOPHORA
Characters-
Nutrition is Autotrophic reserve food in starch or oil.
Number of flagella one two.
Habitat mainly aquatic : fresh or marine.
Examples: Chrysamoeba, Volvox, Noctiluca, Euglena etc.
Euglena
12. ZOOMASTIGOPHORA
Nutrition is heterotrophic and saprozoic. Reserve food in glycogen.
Number of flagella one or many.
Habitat is mostly endoparasitic and pathogenic.
Examples; Mastigamoepa, giardia, trypanosome etc.
Trypanosom
Giardia
Mastigamoepa
13. SUPER-CLASS OPALINATA
It is characterized by
Body is covered by a firm pellicle.
Organelles of locomotion are many small sized cilia-like
flagella.
Two to many monomorphic nuclei.
Cytostome is absent so show saprozoic nutrition.
Asexual reproduction by binary fission called
plasmotomy.
Sexual reproduction by syngamy, e.g. opalina. Opalina
14. SUPER-CLASS SARCODINA
Organelles of locomotion by Pseudopodia.
Body is covered by generally plasma-membrane. Some are shelled.
Generally one nucleus but many in pelomyxa.
Reproduction is asexual by binary fission [irregular].
SUPER-CLASS SARCODINA DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASS
Class Rhizopodea
Class Actinopodea
15. CLASS RHIZOPODEA
CHARACTERS:
Type of pseudopodia is lobopodia or filopodia or recticulopodia.
Mode of reproduction is Creeping type.
Example ; Amoeba, globigerina, polystomelcla etc.
Amoeba Polystomelcla
Globigerina
16. CLASS ACTINOPODEA
Characters:
Type of pseudopodia is axopodia.
Mode of living is sessile or floating type.
Example; Acanthometra, Actinophrys etc.
Actinophrys
Acanthometra
17. 2. SUB-PHYLUM SPOROZOA
Organelles of locomotion are absent.
Nucleus is monomorphic.
Habitat is all parasitic.
Sexual reproduction is by syngamy.
In Spore Formation, infective sprozoites are formed.
Example: Gregarine.
19. CLASS TELOSPOREA
Characters:
Spore are without polar capsule and polar filaments.
Mode of reproduction both sexual and asexual.
Example; Gregarina, Monocystis, Eimeria etc.
Monocystis
Eimeria
22. 3. SUB-PHYLUM CNIDOSPORA
Organelles of locomotion are absent.
Nucleus is monomorphic
Habitat is parasitic
Sexual reproduction is by syngamy.
Spore have one or more polar filament and one or more sporoplasms.
SUB-PHYLUM CNIDOSPORA DIVIDED INTO TWO CLASSES
Class Myxosporidea
Class Microsporidea
23. CLASS MYXOSPORIDEA
Characters:
Nature of spore-With two or three valves.
Origin of spores- Multicellular origin.
Host type- Cytozoic parasites of fishes.
Example: Myxobolus, Myxidium
Myxobolus Myxidium
24. CLASS MICROSPORIDEA
Characters:
Nature of spore-With only one valve.
Origin of spores-unicellular origin.
Host type is Cytozoic parasites of arthropoda.
Example: Nosema.
Nosema
25. 4. SUB-PHYLUM CILLIOPHORA
It includes class Ciliate which is further divided into four
sub-classes.
Some characters of Ciliated protozoans:
They develop a number of cilia during a part or whole of life cycle.
Cillia are used for locomotion.
There is high degree of morphological and physiological speclization.
Most of ciliates are free-living in fresh or marine water. Some are
parasities .
Nutrition is holozoic expect parasitic form.
Asexual reproduction take place by binary or budding. Cyst formation
under unfavourable condition.
Sexual reproduction by means of conjugation.
Examples- Paramecium, Balantidium coli etc.