This document discusses the history and applications of computer-assisted language learning (CALL). It describes three phases of CALL: behavioral CALL from the 1960s-1970s focused on drills; communicative CALL from the 1970s-1980s emphasized authentic communication; and integrative CALL from the 1990s onward uses multimedia and the internet to incorporate various media types. The document also examines challenges and opportunities for using ICT in developing countries, including issues around digital divides, costs, content relevance, and infrastructure reliability. Overall, the document provides a broad overview of the evolution of CALL and considerations for applying ICT to language education.

1. UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA
DEL CARMEN
CAMPUS I
AMINTA AVILES CRUZ
LENGUA INGLESA

2. Computer Assisted Language Learning
 ICT is more than computer and internet or even telephony. Applications of ICT can be
divided under two broad categories.
Traditional communications
networks
That enable on-demand
communications provide
information tailored to the
users convenience and needs. It
is used at all , and whether it is
transformed into knowledge is
left to the human user who
asked for that information.
Human independent
Where the information is
processed and decisions are
arrived on the basis of present
criteria without human
intervention at the time of
decision making.

3.  ICT AND DEVELOPED
 It is viewed as both a means
and an end for development.
With roughly two-third of the
world economy based on
services, and the rise of India,
Philippines and other nations as
global IT players, many
developing countries have
accepted ICT as a national
mission.
WSIS
The world Summit on the information society,
phase i brought to the Forefront the role of ICT for
development.
ICT AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Data from the cooperative aassociation for
internet Data Analysis show that the internet is
overwhelmingly concentrated in a few locations.
MEASURING ICT
Most popular metrics are based on weighted sub-
metrics spanning various facets of ICT

4.  CONTINUAL MARCH OF ICT
 This was based not in theory but in
empirical extrapolation and “moore´s
Lwas” has essentially been validated for
decades since.
 All these improvement in technology
have resulted not only in enhanced
capabilities, but alsa in dramatically
bringing down the costs.
TECHNOLOGY MAPPING TO
DEVELOPMENT
There are a number of hypotheses as to
why ICT is not yet integrally relevant for
development.. This is the problematic for
a number of reason; the products are
expensive as the intended markest are in
the west and these also assume non-
trivial user capabilities, and almost all
require support networks,

5.  ICT CHALLENGES
 The simplified model of ICT masks
the challenges that require extensive
research, both in technology and in
the social sciences. Some of these
are common to the needs of
developed countries as well. But
they often have institutions and
mechanisms to address some of
issues.
Digital divides
• Awareness
• Availability
• Accessibility
• affordability
Hardware and software
cost
Until hardware and
software costs decrease,
ICT may remain beyond
the reach of many user.
Connectivity cost
This implies that a shared access model
becomes de riguer for ICT to be affordable.
ROBUSTNESS
In developing countries, the reliability of ICT is
typically much lower. Often, the component
reliability is trumped by failures in electricity,
software, or other complementary systems,
including limited availability of spares..
CONTENT
Content and applications drive demand for
ICT. Today, virtually all applications and
most of the content are produced by or
geared towars Westem users or uurban
elites.
In addition. Most content is not locally
relevant or actionable.

6.  USABILLITY AND INTERFACE
 The primary means of interfacing
with data has been the computer,
which assumes a certain level of
literacy, both lingual and
technical.
 Though much has been said about
used interface for those across the
digital divide, greater attention
needs to be paid to making
hardware and software easier to
use for even more sophisticated
user.
SECURITY
From end-user perspectives,
issues, trust and verifiability
are key concerns. Email was
the first “killer application”
of the internet. Spam is now
the bulk of transmitted
email, and. Coupled with
viruses, makes going online
an ordeal.
Information security, and its
aspects encompassing
integrity, confidentiality,
privacy, and assurance, is a
major concern for all
countries, including the
developed ones.

7. INTERNET CONTROL, ARCHITECTURE AND
ADDRESSING
The current system might have shortcomings, but
handing over internet management to the UN/ITU
was not widely recommended. One issue that was
raised was the limited funding available, for such
activities, including traveling to the regular
standards and oversight meetings.
REGULATION AND POLICY
Competition has overwhelmingly helped
consumers in the telecom world, but many
developing countries regulate ICT restrictively.
Convergence is an accepted evolution of
telecom systems, bridging voice and data, fixed
and mobile.
When considering policy issues, legislation is an
important factor when companies consider
investing in ICT. Issues that require
governmental clarity include those or
jurisdiction, taxation and culpability/liability.
WIRELESS
It has grown dramatically in the last
decade. Wireless technologies offer a
compelling solution for access
requirements in the developing world,
especially in light of the lower density
of user. The very success of wireless
telephony in developing countries
poses a paradox for broadband data
services.
ENERGY AND POWER
For truly remote locations, electricity
is a greater challenge than ICT, and
standalone solutions such as solar
power may cost more than a computer
and telecommunications equipment.
Until technology improves to reduces
power consumption, the zise and cost
of these devices will remain high.

8. DIGITAL INFORMATION AND
BROADCASTING
Over the air broadcasting is an extremely
cost-effective method of unidirectional
imparting of information. Digital
information can be broadcast easily, and
there is already widespread usage of
digital TV and, now, digital radio.
ECONOMIC MODELS, MARKETS, AND ROLE OF
ICT
Balancing technology push with market pull is
a fundamental requirement for hamessing ICT
for sustainable development. When choosing
technologies, people often worry about
backwards compatibility and cite that as a
reason not to deploy greenfield designs.

9. Three phases of CALL
Three
phases
of CALL
Behavioristic CALL
It was based on the then-dominant
behaviorist theories of learning. Programs
of this phase entailed repetitive language
drills and can be referred to as "drill and
practice" (or, more pejoratively, as "drill
and kill").
Communicative CALL
It was based on the
communicative approach to
teaching which became
prominent in the 1970s and 80s.
Proponents of this approach felt
that the drill and practice
programs of the previous decade
did not allow enough authentic
communication to be of much
value.
Steps toward integrative CALL:
multimedia
IT is based on two important
technological developments of
the last decade - multimedia
computers and the Internet.
Multimedia technology -
exemplified today by the CD-ROM
- allows a variety of media (text,
graphics, sound, animation, and
video) to be accessed on a single
machine.

10. REFERENCES
 Athelstan (1995) Technology and Language Learning Yearbook Vol 6, Houston,
TX: Athelstan.
 Dunkel P. (ed.) (1991) Computer-assisted language learning and testing:
research issues and practice, New York, NY: Newbury House.
 Hardisty D. & Windeatt S. (1989) CALL, Oxford: Oxford University Press