What is Ayurveda

AYURVEDAAYURVEDA
Dr. Amali DayanandaDr. Amali Dayananda
B.A.M.S (Hons)B.A.M.S (Hons)

(01) What is Ayurveda?(01) What is Ayurveda?
 It isIt is the Science of lifethe Science of life ;; thethe ‘‘knowledge of longevityknowledge of longevity ’;’; ‘the‘the
Science of Natural & Holistic HealingScience of Natural & Holistic Healing ’.’.
 It is way to healthy & long life.It is way to healthy & long life.
 It is an ancient art of medicine.It is an ancient art of medicine.
 It is more than a system of herbal medicine.It is more than a system of herbal medicine.
 Ayurvedic medicine is a system ofAyurvedic medicine is a system of traditional medicinetraditional medicine native to native to
the the Indian subcontinentIndian subcontinent
 In Western medicine, Ayurveda is classified as a systemIn Western medicine, Ayurveda is classified as a system
of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) that is used toof complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) that is used to
complement, rather than replace, the treatment regimen andcomplement, rather than replace, the treatment regimen and
relationship that exists between a patient and their existingrelationship that exists between a patient and their existing
physicianphysician
 It is a vast medical science; it is not an alternative medicine.It is a vast medical science; it is not an alternative medicine.

 It is believed to be the only complete medical system in the world.It is believed to be the only complete medical system in the world.
 It was developed 5000 years ago , in India by the spiritual elite.It was developed 5000 years ago , in India by the spiritual elite.
 It is one of the oldest forms of Medical science known to man.It is one of the oldest forms of Medical science known to man.
 It will be a major component of the future global science ofIt will be a major component of the future global science of
medicine.medicine.
 It is a fully developed Medicinal art with a number of unique &It is a fully developed Medicinal art with a number of unique &
exclusive medicinal therapies & surgical procedures for the variousexclusive medicinal therapies & surgical procedures for the various
ailments & diseases.ailments & diseases.
 Evolving throughout its history, Ayurveda remains an influentialEvolving throughout its history, Ayurveda remains an influential
system of medicine in South Asia & It is a living practice in Indiasystem of medicine in South Asia & It is a living practice in India
and Sri Lanka.and Sri Lanka.
 Over the following centuries, Ayurvedic practitioners developed aOver the following centuries, Ayurvedic practitioners developed a
number of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for thenumber of medicinal preparations and surgical procedures for the
treatment of various ailments and diseases.treatment of various ailments and diseases.

(02) What does the word Ayurveda means?(02) What does the word Ayurveda means?
The word ‘The word ‘Ayurveda’Ayurveda’ is derived of two Sanskrit words.is derived of two Sanskrit words.
‘‘ AYUHAYUH’ /’ / āyusāyus + ‘+ ‘VEDAVEDA’’
(the life/ longevity ) (knowledge of science)(the life/ longevity ) (knowledge of science)
The science of lifeThe science of life

(03) ‘Ayuh’(03) ‘Ayuh’
ShareeraShareera
(Body)(Body)
Atma Ayuh indriyaAtma Ayuh indriya
(soul) (The Life) (Sensor)(soul) (The Life) (Sensor)
SatvaSatva
(Mind)(Mind)

(04) Aims of Ayurveda(04) Aims of Ayurveda
1. The promotion of Positive health1. The promotion of Positive health
It helps individuals to strength their immune system.It helps individuals to strength their immune system.
2. The cure for the diseases.2. The cure for the diseases.
It treats the symptoms of a diseases.It treats the symptoms of a diseases.
Ayurveda focuses more on healthy living than treatment of diseaseAyurveda focuses more on healthy living than treatment of disease
Immune system ok No disesese : + ve healthImmune system ok No disesese : + ve health
Immune system not ok disease : -ve healthImmune system not ok disease : -ve health
Ayurveda treats : Body , Mind, soul, sensor (person as a whole)Ayurveda treats : Body , Mind, soul, sensor (person as a whole)
It works on the basis that the mind body (effect each other)It works on the basis that the mind body (effect each other)
(Mind + Body together can overcome disease(Mind + Body together can overcome disease

(05) Origin & Background of Ayurveda(05) Origin & Background of Ayurveda
 Start from theStart from the Vedic periodVedic period (time of the holy books)(time of the holy books)
aboutabout 50005000 years ago inyears ago in IndiaIndia..
 Before the advent of writing the ancient wisdom of this healing systemBefore the advent of writing the ancient wisdom of this healing system
was a part of the spiritual traditionwas a part of the spiritual tradition
 The knowledge of Ayurveda is believed to be of Divine origin and wasThe knowledge of Ayurveda is believed to be of Divine origin and was
communicated to the saints and sages of India who received itscommunicated to the saints and sages of India who received its
wisdom through deep meditation.wisdom through deep meditation.
 The hymns, the mantras & medical information contained in theThe hymns, the mantras & medical information contained in the
VedasVedas were contribution of Rishis, Munis, sages who devoted theirwere contribution of Rishis, Munis, sages who devoted their
life to understanding the world.life to understanding the world.
 The native land of Aryans covers large area surrounding theThe native land of Aryans covers large area surrounding the
HimalayasHimalayas & is believed to be the place where the Rishis & Munis& is believed to be the place where the Rishis & Munis
lived.lived.
 Originally only Brahmins were considered as physicians. But laterOriginally only Brahmins were considered as physicians. But later
people from other castes also learned this art of healing and a specificpeople from other castes also learned this art of healing and a specific
termterm VaidyaVaidya was used for these practitioners.was used for these practitioners.

(06) Ancient Hindu(06) Ancient Hindu Mythological origins of AyurvedaMythological origins of Ayurveda
 In India, knowledge is considered sacred since it is believed to have emanatedIn India, knowledge is considered sacred since it is believed to have emanated
from the gods. According to Hindu mythology, the harmony of the universe isfrom the gods. According to Hindu mythology, the harmony of the universe is
maintained by the Trimurtis :maintained by the Trimurtis : Brahma the CreatorBrahma the Creator
Vishnu the PreserverVishnu the Preserver
Siva the DestroyerSiva the Destroyer
 At the time of creation, Ayurveda is believed to have originated as a ray ofAt the time of creation, Ayurveda is believed to have originated as a ray of
enlightenment in the cosmic consciousness ofenlightenment in the cosmic consciousness of BrahmaBrahma..
This self-existent creator composed Ayurveda as a branch of Atharva Veda.This self-existent creator composed Ayurveda as a branch of Atharva Veda.
Consisting of aConsisting of a hundred thousand verses in a thousand chaptershundred thousand verses in a thousand chapters,, it was dividedit was divided
by him intoby him into eight sectionseight sections or parts, according toor parts, according to SusruthaSusrutha the ancient surgeon.the ancient surgeon.
 Brahma is believed to have imparted the knowledge of Ayurveda to his discipleBrahma is believed to have imparted the knowledge of Ayurveda to his disciple
Daksha Prajapati,Daksha Prajapati, who passed it on to thewho passed it on to the AswinsAswins,, the twin gods, who in turnthe twin gods, who in turn
conferred it onconferred it on IndraIndra,, the king of the gods.the king of the gods.
 While all this happened in the heavens, humanity continued to be plagued byWhile all this happened in the heavens, humanity continued to be plagued by
pains and illnesses. Great seers meditated upon remedies for the numerouspains and illnesses. Great seers meditated upon remedies for the numerous
human maladies but in vain. It was decided that the eminenthuman maladies but in vain. It was decided that the eminent sage Dhanwantarisage Dhanwantari,,
reincarnated asreincarnated as DivodasaDivodasa,, and theand the sages Bharadwajasages Bharadwaja andand KashyapaKashyapa be deputedbe deputed
to go to heaven to learn the divine science of healing directly fromto go to heaven to learn the divine science of healing directly from IndraIndra..
 That, according to legend, was how Ayurveda descended from the skies toThat, according to legend, was how Ayurveda descended from the skies to
alleviate suffering on the mortal plane.alleviate suffering on the mortal plane.

According to the another legend;
When diseases and death started creating havoc, all great sages
gathered in order to find solution to this havoc In Himalaya -creating
problem (sage conference). One of the sage from Sri Lanka name
Sage Pulasti also represented this conference. During this meeting
sage Bharadvaja came forward to learn this art of healing from Indra.
Bharadvaja then taught this science to Athreya- who further
transmitted this knowledge throughout world through his six disciples.
Later Agnivesha who was foremost among the disciples of Athreya
wrote Agnivesha Sanhita- the most comprehensive form of Ayurveda.
(The oldest compilations of Athreya and Agnivesha are lost).

 Divodasa DhanwantariDivodasa Dhanwantari and his disciples specialized in Shalyaand his disciples specialized in Shalya
chikitsa (surgery) and formed the school of surgery. His importantchikitsa (surgery) and formed the school of surgery. His important
students includedstudents included Sushruta, Aupadhenava, Vaitarana, Aurabhadra,Sushruta, Aupadhenava, Vaitarana, Aurabhadra,
Pushkalavata, Nimi, Kara, Karaveerya, Gopurarakshita, Bhoja,Pushkalavata, Nimi, Kara, Karaveerya, Gopurarakshita, Bhoja,
Kankayana, Galava and Gargava.Kankayana, Galava and Gargava.
 Punarvasu ArtreyaPunarvasu Artreya , who was the disciple of, who was the disciple of BharadwajaBharadwaja hadhad
seven pupils -seven pupils -Agnivesa, Charaka, Bhela, Jatukarna, Parasara,Agnivesa, Charaka, Bhela, Jatukarna, Parasara,
Hareeta and Ksharapaani.Hareeta and Ksharapaani. They were called the Artreya School ofThey were called the Artreya School of
physicians and specialized in Kaya chikitsa (general medicine).physicians and specialized in Kaya chikitsa (general medicine).
 TheThe KashyapaKashyapa School specialized in Kumarabhrutya (paediatrics).School specialized in Kumarabhrutya (paediatrics).
Foremost among Kashyapa's students wasForemost among Kashyapa's students was Vruddha (the elder)Vruddha (the elder)
JeevakaJeevaka who wrote Kashyapa Samhita. His other disciples werewho wrote Kashyapa Samhita. His other disciples were
Vasishta, Atri, Bhrigu, Jeevaka, Parvataka and BandhakaVasishta, Atri, Bhrigu, Jeevaka, Parvataka and Bandhaka

(07) Ayurvedic Genealogy(07) Ayurvedic Genealogy
LORD BRAHMA – CREATORLORD BRAHMA – CREATOR
DAKSHAPRAJAPATIDAKSHAPRAJAPATI
ASHWINI KUMARASASHWINI KUMARAS
INDRAINDRA
BHARADWAJABHARADWAJA ((800-600BC)800-600BC)
ATREYAATREYA ((Athreya Sanhita)Athreya Sanhita) DHANAVANTRIDHANAVANTRI
(School of Physicians)(School of Physicians) ((school of Surgeonsschool of Surgeons) (900-600BC) (900-600BC))
AGNIVESHAAGNIVESHA SUSHRUTHASUSHRUTHA BC 800-400BC 800-400
(Agnivesha Samhitha)(Agnivesha Samhitha) ((Sushruta Samhita)Sushruta Samhita)
CharakaCharaka ADI00ADI00
(Charaka Sanhita)(Charaka Sanhita)

There are three main re-organizers of Ayurveda whose works were
compiled in texts.
These works are Charaka, Susrutha and Vaghbata Sanhita still
exist and in use.
Charaka was the first man who based his Sanhita on Agnivesha
Sanhita and enlarged it with his interpretations and annotations. It is
called Charaka Sanhita.
Vaghbata compiled the third treatise called Ashtanga Hridaya that
is a concise version of both the works of Charaka Sanhita and
Susrutha Sanhita.
(These texts still contain the original and complete knowledge of the
Ayurvedic world of medicine.)
(08)(08)
VruddhatrayaVruddhatraya

(09) 4 Vedas/ Vedic Books(09) 4 Vedas/ Vedic Books
1.1. Rig/ RIkRig/ RIk
2.2. SamanSaman
3.3. YajurYajur
4.4. AtharvanAtharvan
Contents of Vedas:Contents of Vedas:
 HealthHealth
 AstrologyAstrology
 Spiritual BusinessSpiritual Business
 Government/ politicsGovernment/ politics
 ArmyArmy
 PoetryPoetry
 Spiritual livingSpiritual living
 BehaviorBehavior
The Vedic sages took the passage from the VedicThe Vedic sages took the passage from the Vedic
scriptures relating to Ayurveda & compiled separatescriptures relating to Ayurveda & compiled separate
books dealing only with Ayurveda.books dealing only with Ayurveda.

(10) Rik Veda(10) Rik Veda
 Oldest surviving book of any Indo- European language (3000B.C.)Oldest surviving book of any Indo- European language (3000B.C.)
 Rik Veda refers as cosmology known as Sankya Philosophy, which liesRik Veda refers as cosmology known as Sankya Philosophy, which lies
at the base of both Ayurveda & yoga.at the base of both Ayurveda & yoga.
 Contents:Contents:
 Nature of healthNature of health
 Nature of diseasesNature of diseases
 PathogenesisPathogenesis
 Principle of treatmentPrinciple of treatment
 Discussions of Three Dosha ConceptDiscussions of Three Dosha Concept
 Uses of herbs to heal the diseasesUses of herbs to heal the diseases
 Foster longevityFoster longevity
Ex.Ex.
 Saina Chikitsa (Treatments of the Army)Saina Chikitsa (Treatments of the Army)
 The doctors of Gods (Ashvini Kumara) performed many surgeries & bodyThe doctors of Gods (Ashvini Kumara) performed many surgeries & body
implantsimplants
 The steel legs in place of broken legs of Vishaka, the daughter of king Ravel.The steel legs in place of broken legs of Vishaka, the daughter of king Ravel.
 Implantation of a horse’s mouth in place of Dadichi’s head.Implantation of a horse’s mouth in place of Dadichi’s head.

(11) Atharva Veda (1500B.C.)(11) Atharva Veda (1500B.C.)
 Contains hymns about treatment & principles of healing of variousContains hymns about treatment & principles of healing of various
diseases & ailments.diseases & ailments.
 Lists the 8 divisions of Ayurveda.Lists the 8 divisions of Ayurveda.
Kaaya-chikitsa – (Internal Medicine)Kaaya-chikitsa – (Internal Medicine)
Shalakya – (Diseases above the Clavicle; Surgery of Head andShalakya – (Diseases above the Clavicle; Surgery of Head and
Neck, Opthamology & OtorinolaryngologyNeck, Opthamology & Otorinolaryngology
Shalya-Chikitsa – (Surgery)Shalya-Chikitsa – (Surgery)
Agada tantra – (Toxicology)Agada tantra – (Toxicology)
Bhuta Vidya – (Psychiatry)Bhuta Vidya – (Psychiatry)
Kaumarabhrtya – (Pediatrics)Kaumarabhrtya – (Pediatrics)
Rasayana - (Gerontology or Science of Rejuvenation)Rasayana - (Gerontology or Science of Rejuvenation)
Vajikarana – (Science of Fertility)Vajikarana – (Science of Fertility)

(12) MANUSCRIPT PAGE(12) MANUSCRIPT PAGE
FROM ATHARVAVEDA TUBINGENFROM ATHARVAVEDA TUBINGEN

(13) Two principle Ayurvedic schools(13) Two principle Ayurvedic schools
 Around 1500 BC, various authors took AyurvedicAround 1500 BC, various authors took Ayurvedic
passages from the four scriptures and createdpassages from the four scriptures and created
Ayurvedic texts for eight specific branches ofAyurvedic texts for eight specific branches of
medicine.medicine.
 It divided intoIt divided into two principle Ayurvedictwo principle Ayurvedic
schoolsschools::
ATREYAATREYA
DHANVANTARIDHANVANTARI
(The School of Physicians)(The School of Physicians) (The School of(The School of
Surgeons)Surgeons)
These two schools transformed Ayurveda from aThese two schools transformed Ayurveda from a
primarily religious discipline to a scientific medicalprimarily religious discipline to a scientific medical
system. This made Ayurveda a more systematicallysystem. This made Ayurveda a more systematically
classified medical science, hereafter.classified medical science, hereafter.

(14) DHANVANTARI(14) DHANVANTARI
The state of the art of ancient healing was enhanced by the myths and legendsThe state of the art of ancient healing was enhanced by the myths and legends
of the, Divodosa Dhanvantariof the, Divodosa Dhanvantari
 Dhanvantari, who is considered to be a reincarnation of Lord Vishnu, wasDhanvantari, who is considered to be a reincarnation of Lord Vishnu, was
the guiding sage of Ayurveda. He made this science of health and longevitythe guiding sage of Ayurveda. He made this science of health and longevity
popular and widely acceptable through experimentation and research.popular and widely acceptable through experimentation and research.
Sage Dhanvantari is considered the father of this branch of medicine, almostSage Dhanvantari is considered the father of this branch of medicine, almost
considered the God of Indian Medicine/ God of healing / Hindu system ofconsidered the God of Indian Medicine/ God of healing / Hindu system of
medicine and well being. It is believed that Dhanvantari, who later wrotemedicine and well being. It is believed that Dhanvantari, who later wrote
down the text of Ayurveda, taught the science of medicine to the sagesdown the text of Ayurveda, taught the science of medicine to the sages
His birthday two days before the festival of Deepavali is celebrated asHis birthday two days before the festival of Deepavali is celebrated as
Dhanvantari -diwasDhanvantari -diwas
 An incarnation of Vishnu emerged from the Milky-Ocean at the end of theAn incarnation of Vishnu emerged from the Milky-Ocean at the end of the
churning by the devas (Gods) and the asuras (DEMONS) during a tug ofchurning by the devas (Gods) and the asuras (DEMONS) during a tug of
war.war.
 A Description of Dhanvantari reads as follows:A Description of Dhanvantari reads as follows:
"Armed with conch, discus, leach and the golden pot of 'Amrita'-Elixir of"Armed with conch, discus, leach and the golden pot of 'Amrita'-Elixir of
Immortality, clad in yellow silk garment, An exquisitely textured cloth aroundImmortality, clad in yellow silk garment, An exquisitely textured cloth around
the coiffure, with eyes as dark as the rain-cloud, Who annihilates diseasethe coiffure, with eyes as dark as the rain-cloud, Who annihilates disease
and suffering, like the raging forest fire, Which totally consumes the forest".and suffering, like the raging forest fire, Which totally consumes the forest".

(16) Charaka Sanhita(16) Charaka Sanhita
 CHARAKACHARAKA ( ADI00 ), The great sage - physician of the( ADI00 ), The great sage - physician of the AthreyaAthreya
schoolschool, authored , authored Charaka Sanhita Charaka Sanhita revising and supplementingrevising and supplementing
the text written bythe text written by AthreyaAthreya
 Charaka was the first man who based his Sanhita onCharaka was the first man who based his Sanhita on AgniveshaAgnivesha
SanhitaSanhita (BC 600) and enlarged it with his interpretations and(BC 600) and enlarged it with his interpretations and
annotations.annotations. which has remained the most referred Ayurvedic textwhich has remained the most referred Ayurvedic text
on internal medicine till date.on internal medicine till date.
 All of the treaties available, Charaka Sanhita is considered the best.All of the treaties available, Charaka Sanhita is considered the best.
It consists the details about the elements of Ayurvedic therapeuticsIt consists the details about the elements of Ayurvedic therapeutics
and is also the only work that covers Ayurveda comprehensively.and is also the only work that covers Ayurveda comprehensively.

(17) Charaka Acharya compiled(17) Charaka Acharya compiled
information oninformation on
 Diagnosis and prevention of disease,Diagnosis and prevention of disease,
 Internal and external causes of illness, etiologyInternal and external causes of illness, etiology
 Herbal prescriptions and medicinal plants and their usage forHerbal prescriptions and medicinal plants and their usage for
treatment of ailmentstreatment of ailments
 anatomy. physiology,anatomy. physiology,
 He stated that all disease - physical, mental and spiritual - isHe stated that all disease - physical, mental and spiritual - is
fundamentally caused by a separation from Divine Oneness.fundamentally caused by a separation from Divine Oneness.
 He also gave strikingly detailed descriptions of human fetalHe also gave strikingly detailed descriptions of human fetal
development month-by month.development month-by month.
 pathogenesis and symptoms of diseases.pathogenesis and symptoms of diseases.

(18) SUSHRUTA SANHITA(18) SUSHRUTA SANHITA
SUSHRUTASUSHRUTA, who is, who is
known as the father ofknown as the father of
surgery from thesurgery from the
Dhanvantari school,Dhanvantari school,
down his life’s teachingsdown his life’s teachings
about various surgeries– inabout various surgeries– in
his treatise calledhis treatise called
Sushruta SanhitaSushruta Sanhita (BC(BC
800-400).800-400).
TEACHING INITIALLY BY WORD OF MOUTH –- THEREFORE THE TIME OFTEACHING INITIALLY BY WORD OF MOUTH –- THEREFORE THE TIME OF
ORIGIN IS STILL CONTROVERSIAL.ORIGIN IS STILL CONTROVERSIAL.
Revised byRevised by
NAGARJUNA (2nd – 4NAGARJUNA (2nd – 4thth
century BC)century BC)
KITAB-I-SUSRURD (8KITAB-I-SUSRURD (8thth
Century AD)Century AD)

(19) SUSHRUTHA SAMHITA INCORPORATES IN IT ALL(19) SUSHRUTHA SAMHITA INCORPORATES IN IT ALL
THE CLASSICAL 8 LIMBS OF AYURVEDA.THE CLASSICAL 8 LIMBS OF AYURVEDA.
 SALYA -SALYA - (MAJOR SURGERY)(MAJOR SURGERY)
 SALKYA -SALKYA - (SUPRACLAVICLE SURGERY)(SUPRACLAVICLE SURGERY)
 KAYACIKITSA -KAYACIKITSA - (MEDICINE)(MEDICINE)
 BHUTAVIDYA -BHUTAVIDYA - (DEMONOLOGY)(DEMONOLOGY)
 KUMARABHRTYA -KUMARABHRTYA - (PAEDIATRICS & OBSTETRICS)(PAEDIATRICS & OBSTETRICS)
 AGADATANTRA -AGADATANTRA - (TOXICOLOGY)(TOXICOLOGY)
 RASAYANATANTRA -RASAYANATANTRA - (STUDY OF ELIXIRS)(STUDY OF ELIXIRS)
 VAGIKARNATANTRA -VAGIKARNATANTRA - (SCIENCE OF FERTILITY,(SCIENCE OF FERTILITY,
VIRILITY)VIRILITY)

(20) SUSHRUTHA SAMHITA(20) SUSHRUTHA SAMHITA
VRADDHA SUSHRUTHAVRADDHA SUSHRUTHA
120 Chapters120 Chapters
 SUTRA STHANASUTRA STHANA Fundamental principlesFundamental principles
 NIDANANIDANA EtiologyEtiology
 SARIRA STHANASARIRA STHANA Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
 CIKITSA STHANACIKITSA STHANA TherapeuticsTherapeutics
 KALPA STHANAKALPA STHANA ToxicologyToxicology
Other notable chapters are onOther notable chapters are on
# training and attributes of a surgeon# training and attributes of a surgeon
# surgical instruments# surgical instruments
# dreams# dreams

(21) Rare mention about the Brain?(21) Rare mention about the Brain?
--SARIRA STHANASARIRA STHANA
 In the fifth month the fetus is endowed with the mind andIn the fifth month the fetus is endowed with the mind and
wakes up from the sleep of his subconscious existence.wakes up from the sleep of his subconscious existence.
 In the sixth month cognition (Buddhi) comes in.In the sixth month cognition (Buddhi) comes in.
 In the seventh month all the limbs and members of itsIn the seventh month all the limbs and members of its
body are markedly developed.body are markedly developed.
 SANUKA says that probably the head of the fetus is theSANUKA says that probably the head of the fetus is the
first developed since head is the only organ that makesfirst developed since head is the only organ that makes
the functions of all other organs possible.the functions of all other organs possible.

(22) SHIROROGA --- Disorders of the
Head
VATAVYADHI --- Disorders of “Vayu”
MODERN COMPARISION
AKSHEPAKA C0NVULSIONS
PAKSHAVADHA HEMIPLEGIA
ARDITA TOTAL PARALYSIS
DANDA PATANKA ?PARKINSONS
MANYA STAMBHA STIFF NECK
JIHAVASTAMBHA PARALYSIS OF
TONGUE
GRIDHARASI SCIATICA
MURCHA FAINTING
DHANUSH STAMBHA TETANUS
APASMARA EPILEPSY
UNMADA MADNESS

SUSHRUTHASUSHRUTHA CONSIDEREDCONSIDERED
THETHE HEADHEAD AS THE CENTERAS THE CENTER
OF ALL SPECIAL SENSES,OF ALL SPECIAL SENSES,
AND DESCRIBES CERTAINAND DESCRIBES CERTAIN
CRANIAL NERVESCRANIAL NERVES
CONNECTED WITH SPECIFICCONNECTED WITH SPECIFIC
SENSORY FUNCTIONS.SENSORY FUNCTIONS.
 two nerves lower down at thetwo nerves lower down at the
back of ear (vidhura) which if cutback of ear (vidhura) which if cut
produceproduce deafnessdeafness..
 a pair of nerves inside the twoa pair of nerves inside the two
nostrils which if cut causenostrils which if cut cause
AnsoniaAnsonia..
 a pair of nerves below the end ofa pair of nerves below the end of
the eyebrow which if cut causesthe eyebrow which if cut causes
blindnessblindness..
“Ten nerves maintain the functions
of the body by carrying impulses of
sound, touch, vision, taste, smell,
respiration, sighing, yawning,
hunger, laughing, speech, and
crying…”
“A pair of nerve each responds to
sound, touch, vision, taste, & smell.”

(24) Sushrutha Acharya classified(24) Sushrutha Acharya classified
 functions of organs,functions of organs,
 nerves and joints,nerves and joints,
 catalogued various kinds of wounds andcatalogued various kinds of wounds and
 details and discussions of various surgeries,details and discussions of various surgeries,
 prosthetic surgery to replace limbs,prosthetic surgery to replace limbs,
 cosmetic surgery /plastic surgery,cosmetic surgery /plastic surgery,
 cataract operations,cataract operations,
 caesarian operationscaesarian operations
 brain surgery.brain surgery.
 He is famed for his innovation of cosmetic surgery on nose or rhinoplastyHe is famed for his innovation of cosmetic surgery on nose or rhinoplasty
 burns, fractures, wounds and amputationburns, fractures, wounds and amputation
 described sophisticated surgical equipment used in technical procedures.described sophisticated surgical equipment used in technical procedures.
 His text also includes the first mention of the science of massage usingHis text also includes the first mention of the science of massage using
MARMA points, (massage of vital body points/ vital nerve intersections likeMARMA points, (massage of vital body points/ vital nerve intersections like
those used in Chinese acupuncture.)those used in Chinese acupuncture.)
 Susrutha divided 1120 diseases into natural and supernatural.Susrutha divided 1120 diseases into natural and supernatural.
 He taught palpation and auscultation of heart, lungs, and womb; andHe taught palpation and auscultation of heart, lungs, and womb; and
advocated the use of special senses.advocated the use of special senses.
 He was the pioneer of most teaching techniques in experimental andHe was the pioneer of most teaching techniques in experimental and
clinical surgeryclinical surgery..

(25) SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS DESCRIBED IN(25) SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS DESCRIBED IN
SUSRUTHA SANHITASUSRUTHA SANHITA

SUSHRUTA SANHITASUSHRUTA SANHITA:: MARMA POINTSMARMA POINTS

(28) SUSHRUTA SANHITA:(28) SUSHRUTA SANHITA: COSMETIC SURGERY ONCOSMETIC SURGERY ON
NOSE(RHINOPLASTY)NOSE(RHINOPLASTY)

(29) SUSHRUTA SAMHITA(29) SUSHRUTA SAMHITA : CATARACT SURGERY: CATARACT SURGERY
Cataract in human eye magnified view seen onCataract in human eye magnified view seen on
examination with a slit lamp. Cataract surgery wasexamination with a slit lamp. Cataract surgery was
known to the physician known to the physician SusruthaSusrutha in the first millennium in the first millennium
BC, and was performed with a special tool calledBC, and was performed with a special tool called
the the jabamukhi salakajabamukhi salaka , a curved needle used to loosen, a curved needle used to loosen
the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision.the lens and push the cataract out of the field of vision.
The eye would later be soaked with warm butter andThe eye would later be soaked with warm butter and
then bandagedthen bandaged..

(30) SUSHRUTHA(30) SUSHRUTHA-- Learning methods of SurgeryLearning methods of Surgery

(31) SUSRUTHA(31) SUSRUTHA,, Performing an artificial ear lobePerforming an artificial ear lobe

(36) Conclusion(36) Conclusion
 To Sushrutha, belongs the honor ofTo Sushrutha, belongs the honor of
being called “the FATHER OF SURGERY”being called “the FATHER OF SURGERY”
and the ‘PATRON OF A SURGEON INand the ‘PATRON OF A SURGEON IN
TRAINING’,TRAINING’,
as he was the first before all to emphasizeas he was the first before all to emphasize
on practical training in experimental andon practical training in experimental and
clinical surgery.clinical surgery.

(37) Other texts…….(37) Other texts…….
   VAGHBAT ( AD700 ) compiled the third major treatise onVAGHBAT ( AD700 ) compiled the third major treatise on
Ayurveda, Ayurveda, Ashtanga HridayaAshtanga Hridaya .. It contained knowledge comprising the twoIt contained knowledge comprising the two
schools of Ayurveda.schools of Ayurveda.
 From 500 AD to 1900 AD, sixteen majorFrom 500 AD to 1900 AD, sixteen major  NighantusNighantus   ( supplementary texts)( supplementary texts)
on Ayurveda like Dhanvantarion Ayurveda like Dhanvantari BhavaprakashaBhavaprakasha , Raja and Shaligram, Raja and Shaligram
among others were written incorporating new drugs, expansion inamong others were written incorporating new drugs, expansion in
applications, discarding of old drugs and identification of substitutes.applications, discarding of old drugs and identification of substitutes.
 These texts mention about 1814 varieties of plants in vogue.These texts mention about 1814 varieties of plants in vogue.
 The Egyptians learnt about Ayurveda long before the invasion of AlexanderThe Egyptians learnt about Ayurveda long before the invasion of Alexander
in the 4th century BC through their sea-trade with India.in the 4th century BC through their sea-trade with India.
 Greeks and Romans come to know about it after the famous invasion.Greeks and Romans come to know about it after the famous invasion.
 The The Unani Unani form of medical tradition came out of this interaction    form of medical tradition came out of this interaction

Archaeological history of Sri Lanka harks back to at least 30,000 B.C
The country has its own indigenous system of medicine which has been
practiced for many centuries.
Ayurvedic tradition of Sri Lanka is a mixture of the
• Ayurveda and Siddha systems of India,
• Unani medicine from the Arabs, and most importantly,
• Desheeya Chikitsa, which is the indigenous medicine of Sri Lanka
(39) THE HISTORY OF AYURVEDIC PRACTICE
IN SRI LANKA
Historically the Ayurvedic physicians enjoyed a noble position in the
country's social hierarchy due to their royal patronage. From this legacy
stems a well-known Sri Lankan saying: "If you can not be a king,
become a healer." Along with Buddhism, the interrelationship between
Ayurveda and royalty continues to influence politics in Sri Lanka.

 Sri Lanka developed its own Ayurvedic system based on a series ofSri Lanka developed its own Ayurvedic system based on a series of
prescriptions handed down from generation to generation over a period ofprescriptions handed down from generation to generation over a period of
3,000 years. Buddhism influenced the advent of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka in3,000 years. Buddhism influenced the advent of Ayurveda in Sri Lanka in
thethe 3rd century BC3rd century BC. The ancient Kings of Sri Lanka who were also. The ancient Kings of Sri Lanka who were also
prominent physicians, sustained its survival and longevity & theyprominent physicians, sustained its survival and longevity & they
contributed to the development of Ayurveda.contributed to the development of Ayurveda.
e.g.e.g.
 King BuddhadasaKing Buddhadasa (398 AD) was an eminent Ayurvedic physician himself(398 AD) was an eminent Ayurvedic physician himself
and was famed for treating soldiers, horses and elephants wroteand was famed for treating soldiers, horses and elephants wrote
the the Sarartha SangrahayaSarartha Sangrahaya, a comprehensive manuscript which Sri Lankan, a comprehensive manuscript which Sri Lankan
physicians still use today for referencephysicians still use today for reference
 King PandukabayaKing Pandukabaya set up Ayurveda hospitals in Ritigala.set up Ayurveda hospitals in Ritigala.
 King KasyappaKing Kasyappa constructed Ayurveda hospitals in Anuradhapura.constructed Ayurveda hospitals in Anuradhapura.
 King ParakramabahuKing Parakramabahu constructed irrigation works and the Royal Hospital.constructed irrigation works and the Royal Hospital.
Even to day the ruins of Ayurveda hospitals and medicinal troughs (9thEven to day the ruins of Ayurveda hospitals and medicinal troughs (9th
century BC) known ascentury BC) known as 'Beheth Oruwa'Beheth Oruwa' can be seen' can be seen MihintaleMihintale..

Ancient inscriptions on rock surfaces reveal that organized medical servicesAncient inscriptions on rock surfaces reveal that organized medical services
have existed within the country for centuries. In fact, Sri Lanka claims to behave existed within the country for centuries. In fact, Sri Lanka claims to be
the first country in the world to have established dedicated hospitalsthe first country in the world to have established dedicated hospitals
The Sri Lankan mountain Mihintale still has the ruins of what many believe to
be the first hospital in the world.
Old hospital sites now attract tourists, who marvel at the beautiful ruins. These
places have come
to symbolize a traditional sense of healing and care, which was so prevalent at
that time.

(42) Indigenous wisdom of Sri Lanka written
on ola leaves

(42) Eight(42) Eight Divisions of AyurvedaDivisions of Ayurveda
(Ashtanga Ayurveda)(Ashtanga Ayurveda)
 Ayurveda, being a vast science is divided into eight branches,Ayurveda, being a vast science is divided into eight branches,
which are collectively called as Ashtanga Ayurveda.which are collectively called as Ashtanga Ayurveda.
 Like any other modern medicinal therapies, Ayurveda believesLike any other modern medicinal therapies, Ayurveda believes
in specialized treatment for different body parts.in specialized treatment for different body parts.
 Thus, the medicinal art have been categorized under branchesThus, the medicinal art have been categorized under branches
that deal with psychiatry, internal medicine, treatment of eyes,that deal with psychiatry, internal medicine, treatment of eyes,
ears, nose, throat and head, toxicology and gerentorologyears, nose, throat and head, toxicology and gerentorology
separately.separately.
 Ayurveda is the first ever medicine system to categorizeAyurveda is the first ever medicine system to categorize
pediatrics, aphrodisiacs and surgery as the branches of anypediatrics, aphrodisiacs and surgery as the branches of any
medicinal science.medicinal science.

(43) Eight(43) Eight Divisions of Ayurveda (AshtangaDivisions of Ayurveda (Ashtanga
Ayurveda)Ayurveda)
There are two main traditions in Ayurveda.There are two main traditions in Ayurveda.
Kaya Chikitsa Shalya ChikitsaKaya Chikitsa Shalya Chikitsa
(Internal Medicine) (Surgery)(Internal Medicine) (Surgery)
Eight divisions of AyurvedaEight divisions of Ayurveda (Ashtanga Ayurveda):(Ashtanga Ayurveda):
1.Kaaya Chikithsa – Internal Medicine1.Kaaya Chikithsa – Internal Medicine
2.Shalya Chikithsa – Surgery Medicine2.Shalya Chikithsa – Surgery Medicine
3.Shalakya Tantra –E.N.T. & Eye3.Shalakya Tantra –E.N.T. & Eye
4.Kaumara Brutya -Pediatrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics4.Kaumara Brutya -Pediatrics, Gynecology, Obstetrics
5.Bhuta Vidya – Psychiatry, Astrology5.Bhuta Vidya – Psychiatry, Astrology
6.Agada Tantra – Toxicology6.Agada Tantra – Toxicology
7.Rasayana Tantra – Rejuvenation Treatment/ Gerentorology7.Rasayana Tantra – Rejuvenation Treatment/ Gerentorology
8.Vajikarana Tantra – Vitiation Theory/ Aphrodisiacs8.Vajikarana Tantra – Vitiation Theory/ Aphrodisiacs

ATREYAATREYA
DHANAVANTRIDHANAVANTRI
(School of Physicians) (school of Surgeons)(School of Physicians) (school of Surgeons)
& 7 other subjects & 7 other subjects& 7 other subjects & 7 other subjects
kaya Chikithsa/
Internal Medicine
Shalya Chikitsa/
surgery

(45) KAYA CHIKITHSA(45) KAYA CHIKITHSA
(Internal Medicine/ General medicine)(Internal Medicine/ General medicine)
The word Kaya means body.
Another meaning of Kaya is Agni (internal fire).
Therefore, Kaya Chikitsa means the management of the disorders of
internal fire as well as the body.
Defining the scope of Kaya Chikitsa, Susrutha states
that
the branch of Ayurveda which deals with the management of the disease
such as Jwara (fever), Raktapitta (Bleeding dyscrasias,
Hemophilia, etc.) Shosha (phthisis), Unmada (mania), Apasmara
(epilepsy), Kustha (skin disorders) Prameha (urinary disorders),
Atisara (diarrhea) etc, occurring in the whole of the body, is Kaya
Chikitsa.
The specialties of general medicine, pathology, cardiology, neurology,
etc are also included in Kaya Chikitsa

(46) SHALYA CHIKITHSA (SURGERY(46) SHALYA CHIKITHSA (SURGERY
MEDICINE)MEDICINE)
The word Shalya means everything that bothers the psyche and / or soma.
While defining Shalya Tanta Susrutha (Su. 1/8) states that Shalya Tantra −
surgery − is the branch of Ayurveda which employs
•Yantra (blunt surgical instruments and tools)
•Shastra (sharp surgical instruments)
•Kshara (caustic bio chemical substances),
•Agni (cauterization)
To extract various types of foreign bodies such as:
 grass,
 wooden splinters,
 stones,
 minute particles,
 metal pieces,
 lumps,
 bones,
 hairs,
 nails,
 pus,
 exudate,
 abnormal foetus, etc.
 as well as the study of Vrna (traumatic wounds including
inflammation). Shalya Tantra incorporates the specialty of surgery

(47) SHALAKYA TANTRA(47) SHALAKYA TANTRA
(Diseases of Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat)(Diseases of Eye, Ear, Nose & Throat)
The term Shalakya is derived from the term Shalakya, which means a lancet or
probe, implying that the branch of Ayurveda employing the usage of lancet and
probe for the management of disease is Shalakya Tantra.
In a true sense, though, the scope of Shalakya Tantra is much more than this.
Shalakya Tantra deals with the etiology, diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and
treatment of diseases that are located above the neck region such as the head,
ear, nose, eye and throat.
It is responsible for all types of problems in and around the head.
According to Susrutha, Shalakya Tantra encompasses the management of the
clavicle bone.
The specialties of ENT and ophthalmology are included in Shalakya Tantra.

(48) KAUMARA BRUTHYA(48) KAUMARA BRUTHYA
(Pediatrics , Gynecology, Obstetrics)(Pediatrics , Gynecology, Obstetrics)
The literal meaning of the word Kaumarabhritya is theThe literal meaning of the word Kaumarabhritya is the
Nurturing of Kumara (Child) but in fact comprises muchNurturing of Kumara (Child) but in fact comprises much
more.more.
According to Sushruta,According to Sushruta,
Kaumarabhritya is that branch of Ayurveda which deals withKaumarabhritya is that branch of Ayurveda which deals with
the management of Nurturing of Kumara, rectifying thethe management of Nurturing of Kumara, rectifying the
problems of the mother’s breast milk – Dhatri, as well asproblems of the mother’s breast milk – Dhatri, as well as
other diseases of infancy and childhood.other diseases of infancy and childhood.
Subsequently, the Kumara Bhritya branch has come toSubsequently, the Kumara Bhritya branch has come to
encompass specialties of gynecology and obstetrics together withencompass specialties of gynecology and obstetrics together with
pediatrics.pediatrics.

(49) BHUTA VIDYA(49) BHUTA VIDYA
(Psychiatry, Astrology)(Psychiatry, Astrology)
The word Bhuta means that which came into existence, but over the yearsThe word Bhuta means that which came into existence, but over the years
the word has been used in connection with ghosts and other supernaturalthe word has been used in connection with ghosts and other supernatural
beings.beings.
Sushruta also states that Bbhuta Vidya is - the branch of Ayurveda whichSushruta also states that Bbhuta Vidya is - the branch of Ayurveda which
advocates the use of Shanti karma (appeasement rituals), Bali (sacrifice),advocates the use of Shanti karma (appeasement rituals), Bali (sacrifice),
etc. to rectify the problems arising out of the harmful influence ofetc. to rectify the problems arising out of the harmful influence of
supernatural entities.supernatural entities.
While discussing the manner of influence of these supernatural entities,While discussing the manner of influence of these supernatural entities,
Sushruta, further states that these entities do not themselves enter into aSushruta, further states that these entities do not themselves enter into a
person but rather, innumerable followers of the particular entity enter theperson but rather, innumerable followers of the particular entity enter the
body of a person and accordingly produce signs and symptoms.body of a person and accordingly produce signs and symptoms.
This discussion brings into sharp focus, the school of thought which equatesThis discussion brings into sharp focus, the school of thought which equates
the concept of Bhuta with that of mental disorders. Thus the specialty ofthe concept of Bhuta with that of mental disorders. Thus the specialty of
psychiatry is included under Bhuta Vidya.psychiatry is included under Bhuta Vidya.

(50) AGADA TANTRA (Toxicology)(50) AGADA TANTRA (Toxicology)
In general the word ‘In general the word ‘GadaGada’ means disease,’ means disease,
thereby implying that ‘thereby implying that ‘A-gadaA-gada’ means without disease,’ means without disease,
but in particular the word ‘but in particular the word ‘Agad’Agad’ stands for ‘Anti-poison’.stands for ‘Anti-poison’.
Sushruta defines:Sushruta defines:
Agada TantraAgada Tantra as the branch of Ayurveda which dealsas the branch of Ayurveda which deals
withwith
the management of disorders arising out of thethe management of disorders arising out of the
 bites from snakes,bites from snakes,
 insects, spiders,insects, spiders,
 rats andrats and
 other vermin,other vermin,
 as well as the effects of various venoms and poisons.as well as the effects of various venoms and poisons.
Agada Tantra incorporates the specialty of toxicology.Agada Tantra incorporates the specialty of toxicology.

(51) RASAYANA CHIKITHSA(51) RASAYANA CHIKITHSA
(rejuvenation treatment/ gerentorology)(rejuvenation treatment/ gerentorology)
Rasayana Chikitsa is the branch of Ayurvedic science, which deals withRasayana Chikitsa is the branch of Ayurvedic science, which deals with
various aspects of preventive health care. This branch of Ashtangvarious aspects of preventive health care. This branch of Ashtang
Ayurveda aims at achieving a long and healthy life. It includes longevity,Ayurveda aims at achieving a long and healthy life. It includes longevity,
improved memory, health,,improved memory, health,,
Chakra defines Rasayana as the measures adopted to achieve the bestChakra defines Rasayana as the measures adopted to achieve the best
quality of Dhatus (body tissues).quality of Dhatus (body tissues).
Sushruta defines Rasayana Tantra as that branch of Ayurveda which dealsSushruta defines Rasayana Tantra as that branch of Ayurveda which deals
with the measures to check the effects of aging as well as to increase lifewith the measures to check the effects of aging as well as to increase life
span, youthfulness, glow, complexion, generosity, strength of body andspan, youthfulness, glow, complexion, generosity, strength of body and
senses and memory.senses and memory.
In the process, there may also be results in the improvement of diseases.In the process, there may also be results in the improvement of diseases.
Rasayana Tantra, therefore, is a specialty essentially dealing with theRasayana Tantra, therefore, is a specialty essentially dealing with the
management of the phenomena of aging (Geriatrics)management of the phenomena of aging (Geriatrics)

(52) VAJIKARANA TANTRA(52) VAJIKARANA TANTRA
(Vitiation Theory/ Aphrodisiacs/ sexology )(Vitiation Theory/ Aphrodisiacs/ sexology )
The literal meaning of the word ‘Vaji’ is stallion, thereby implying
that Vajikarana means the process of metamorphosis of an ordinary
man into a stallion − especially in terms of his sexual power.
According to Sushruta – Vajikarana Tantra is that branch of
Ayurveda which deals with the management of the various
disorders of Retas (semen). Broadly speaking, Vajikarana Tantra
incorporates the specialty of Andrology and Sexology.
The art of producing healthy progeny for the creation of a better
society. It deals with various diseases like infertility and conditions
relating to weak shukra dhatu or the vital reproductive fluids of the
body. which means the medicine or therapy by which a man
becomes capable of copulating with a woman

PART 2PART 2
FUNDAMENTALS OFFUNDAMENTALS OF
AYURVEDAAYURVEDA

THE FIVE BASIC ELEMENTS INTHE FIVE BASIC ELEMENTS IN
AYURVEDAAYURVEDA
(PANCHA MAHA BHUTA)(PANCHA MAHA BHUTA)
According to ancient Vedic scientific thinking, All the matter in theAccording to ancient Vedic scientific thinking, All the matter in the
universe is composed of five basic elements. They are known asuniverse is composed of five basic elements. They are known as
‘Pancha Maha Bhuta’. Hence the human body as well as the food‘Pancha Maha Bhuta’. Hence the human body as well as the food
and drugs are also made out of these five basic elements.and drugs are also made out of these five basic elements.

THE FIVE BASIC ELEMENTS INTHE FIVE BASIC ELEMENTS IN
AYURVEDAAYURVEDA
(PANCHA MAHA BHUTA)(PANCHA MAHA BHUTA)
 Pritvi -Pritvi -EarthEarth – Solid– Solid
 Aap –Aap – WaterWater – Liquid– Liquid
 Tejas –Tejas – FireFire – Heat & Light– Heat & Light
 Vaayu –Vaayu – AirAir – Motion– Motion
 Akasha –Akasha – SpaceSpace – Sound– Sound

The properties and functions of the Basic Elements (Mahabhutas)


AkashaAkasha(Ether)(Ether)



VayuVayu (Air)(Air)




TejaTeja (fire) (fire)



JalaJala (Water)(Water)



PrithviPrithvi (Earth)(Earth)

PropertiesProperties Light, Minute, Light, Minute,
Clear, Soft & Clear, Soft &
InactiveInactive
Light, Rough, Light, Rough,
Minute & ClearMinute & Clear
Light, Rough, Light, Rough,
Minute, Clear & Minute, Clear &
SharpSharp
Heavy, Fluid, Heavy, Fluid,
Slimy, Soft & Slimy, Soft &
inactiveinactive
Heavy, Rough, Heavy, Rough,
Firm, Hard & Firm, Hard &
inactiveinactive
Relation with Relation with
senses/sense senses/sense
organsorgans
SoundSound
(Ear)(Ear)

TouchTouch
(Skin)(Skin)
VisionVision
(Eye)(Eye)
TasteTaste
(Tongue)(Tongue)
SmellSmell
(Nose)(Nose)
Relation with Relation with
BodyBody
Body Cavities & Body Cavities &
passagespassages
Body Cavities, Body Cavities,
all movements all movements
& pulsation in & pulsation in
the bodythe body
Whole body is Whole body is
concernedconcerned
Body fluidsBody fluids Body organsBody organs
Taste Taste
responsibleresponsible
Not anyNot any Predominantly, Predominantly,
astringent, astringent,
slightly bitterslightly bitter
Predominantly, Predominantly,
pungent, pungent,
slightly sour & slightly sour &
saltysalty
Predominantly Predominantly
sweet, slightly, sweet, slightly,
astringent, salty astringent, salty
& sour& sour
Predom-inantly Predom-inantly
sweet, slightly sweet, slightly
astringentastringent

PritviPritvi
EarthEarth – Solid– Solid
Earth represents the solid state of matter in theEarth represents the solid state of matter in the
planet. It symbolizes stability, permanence andplanet. It symbolizes stability, permanence and
rigidity. The human body consists of bones,rigidity. The human body consists of bones,
teeth, cells and tissues, as the manifestations ofteeth, cells and tissues, as the manifestations of
the earth. Earth is regarded as a stablethe earth. Earth is regarded as a stable
substance. Talking about human being, stabilitysubstance. Talking about human being, stability
is the prerequisite for leading a healthy life,is the prerequisite for leading a healthy life,
which is focused by Ayurveda.which is focused by Ayurveda.

AapAap
WaterWater – Liquid– Liquid
The liquid state is represented by water, another elementThe liquid state is represented by water, another element
of Ayurveda. Water is the prerequisite for the survival ofof Ayurveda. Water is the prerequisite for the survival of
living creatures, including humankind.living creatures, including humankind.
About 70% of human body is made up of water, the veryAbout 70% of human body is made up of water, the very
important liquid that is required for smooth functioning. Inimportant liquid that is required for smooth functioning. In
addition to water, fluids including our blood and lymphaddition to water, fluids including our blood and lymph
move between our cells and through our vessels,move between our cells and through our vessels,
thereby providing us the energy required. The bodythereby providing us the energy required. The body
temperature is also regulated. Water is a form withouttemperature is also regulated. Water is a form without
stability.stability.

TejasTejas
FireFire – Heat & Light– Heat & Light
In order to convert solids into liquids, to gas andIn order to convert solids into liquids, to gas and
back again to the original state, a certainback again to the original state, a certain
amount of power is required, which is providedamount of power is required, which is provided
by fire.by fire.
Fire has the power to change the state of anyFire has the power to change the state of any
substance.substance.
In human body, fire is present in the form ofIn human body, fire is present in the form of
energy that binds atoms together, converts foodenergy that binds atoms together, converts food
to fat and muscle.to fat and muscle.
In addition, fire creates impulses of nervousIn addition, fire creates impulses of nervous
reactions and even our thought process. reactions and even our thought process.

VaayuVaayu
AirAir – Motion– Motion
One of the forms of the Pancha Maha Bhuta - air - isOne of the forms of the Pancha Maha Bhuta - air - is
mobile and dynamic.mobile and dynamic.
Within the human body, air is present in the form ofWithin the human body, air is present in the form of
oxygen, which is the basis for all energy transferoxygen, which is the basis for all energy transfer
reactions.reactions.
Existent without form, air is the prerequisite for fire toExistent without form, air is the prerequisite for fire to
burn.burn.
Talking about the human body, air is indirectly required toTalking about the human body, air is indirectly required to
produce energy, which is the basic requisite for one'sproduce energy, which is the basic requisite for one's
survival.survival.
Air is also the basic element of Ayurveda. Air is also the basic element of Ayurveda.

The first element to come into existence, Akasha is
also the subtlest.
It is the most expansive and least dense, and though
it seems a vast expanse of nothingness and its
existence is a paradox of sorts, it is the matrix for all
the other elements.
Having evolved from the Sabda Tanmatra (sound), it
is capable of carrying sound energy.
The entire spectrum of vibration travels in the form
of waves through this medium.
Akasha
Ether - space

 AapAap - water; creates the taste sensation (rasa), its sensory organ - water; creates the taste sensation (rasa), its sensory organ
being the tonguebeing the tongue
 ThejaTheja - fire; creates the visual impute of colour (rupa), its sensory - fire; creates the visual impute of colour (rupa), its sensory
organ being the eyesorgan being the eyes
 VayuVayu - air; creates the physical sensation of touch (Sparsha), its - air; creates the physical sensation of touch (Sparsha), its
sensory organ being skinsensory organ being skin
 PruthuviPruthuvi - earth; creates the sensation of smell and odour - earth; creates the sensation of smell and odour
(gandha), its sensory organ being the nose(gandha), its sensory organ being the nose
 AkashaAkasha - ether (space); creates the auditory sensation of sound - ether (space); creates the auditory sensation of sound
(sharsda), its sensory organ being the ear(sharsda), its sensory organ being the ear..
5 M.B. is the conceptual model that Ayurveda uses to understand the5 M.B. is the conceptual model that Ayurveda uses to understand the
principles of nature’s functioning.principles of nature’s functioning.
This theory serves as the foundation for all of Ayurveda’s diagnosticThis theory serves as the foundation for all of Ayurveda’s diagnostic
and treatment.and treatment.
The Ayurvedic physician is trained to successfully detect and treatThe Ayurvedic physician is trained to successfully detect and treat
imbalances of these basic elements any where in human life.imbalances of these basic elements any where in human life.

According to Ayurveda, it is believed that the Pancha Maha bhutasAccording to Ayurveda, it is believed that the Pancha Maha bhutas
should be balanced, which when disrupted, a number of naturalshould be balanced, which when disrupted, a number of natural
calamities such ascalamities such as
flood, cyclone and earthquakes occur.flood, cyclone and earthquakes occur.
Ayurveda believes that every living creature in theAyurveda believes that every living creature in the
universe is made up of the five elements, whichuniverse is made up of the five elements, which
serve as the building blocks of life. Life doesn'tserve as the building blocks of life. Life doesn't
exist without these five elements. This reveals thatexist without these five elements. This reveals that
the ancient medicinal form of Ayurveda is closelythe ancient medicinal form of Ayurveda is closely
related to Mother Naturerelated to Mother Nature

The five basic elements of the universeThe five basic elements of the universe

Basic FundamentalsBasic Fundamentals
 According to Ayurveda, the human body isAccording to Ayurveda, the human body is
composed of four basics-composed of four basics-
DoshaDosha
DhatuDhatu
MalaMala
AgniAgni
 There is immense significance of all theseThere is immense significance of all these
basics of the body in Ayurveda. These are alsobasics of the body in Ayurveda. These are also
called thecalled the Moola Siddhanta (basic fundamentals)Moola Siddhanta (basic fundamentals)
of Ayurveda Treatmentsof Ayurveda Treatments

Three Doshas in the Human BodyThree Doshas in the Human Body
Biological application of Panchamahabhutas reflects in the form of.
‘Tri’ means three
‘Dosha’ represents to humor (bio-entity)
Thus the word ‘Tridosha’ denotes to three humors i.e. Vata, Pitta and
Kapha.
These are said ‘Dosha’ because these have tendency to get vitiated and also to
vitiate others.
This bilateral tendency of Dosha is cause of health and diseases. State of
balance of Dosha represents health while imbalance to the disease.
Every Dosha has definite place/location and functions in our body. All have
their five types respectively.
VataVata
PittaPitta
KaphaKapha

Panchabhautic constitutions of Dosha have definite patternPanchabhautic constitutions of Dosha have definite pattern
Akasha + Vayu = VATA= The principle of movement
Teja + Jala = PITTA = the principle of transformation
Jala + Prithvi = KAPHA = The principle of stability

Location of the three DoshasLocation of the three Doshas
The verse from Charaka Sanhita willThe verse from Charaka Sanhita will
explain the location of the Doshas explain the location of the Doshas
““The important sites of location of theseThe important sites of location of these
three Doshas are as below;three Doshas are as below;
Urinary bladder, rectum, waist, thighs,Urinary bladder, rectum, waist, thighs,
legs, bones and colon are the sites oflegs, bones and colon are the sites of
vatavata;;
among them colon is the mostamong them colon is the most
important site. important site.
Sweat, lymph, blood and small intestineSweat, lymph, blood and small intestine
are the sites ofare the sites of pittapitta;;
among them, small intestine is theamong them, small intestine is the
most important site.most important site.
Chest, head, neck, joint, stomach and fatChest, head, neck, joint, stomach and fat
are the sites ofare the sites of kaphakapha; among them; among them
chest is the most important site.”chest is the most important site.”

    Caraka sustrasthana Chapter XX,Caraka sustrasthana Chapter XX,
verse 8verse 8

Theses three Dosha have
contradictory characters and so they
are capable of maintaining
equilibrium. Dosha of the body are of
vital importance because they are
responsible for coordinating and
directing all the structures and
substances of the body.
This theory of Dosha, Dhatu, and
Mala is the cornerstone of all its
diagnostic and treatment modalities

Vata -Vata - 'The principle of Movement ''The principle of Movement '
 Vata though not apparently dominant in physicalVata though not apparently dominant in physical
structure very much dominant in the function and isstructure very much dominant in the function and is
supposed to be the leader of the three Dosha.supposed to be the leader of the three Dosha.
 VATAVATA governs all the motor and sensory function. Itgoverns all the motor and sensory function. It
can be compared with nervous system. Vatacan be compared with nervous system. Vata is theis the
moving power or principle of movement in the humanmoving power or principle of movement in the human
body.body.
 In the external universe the wind is the principle of theIn the external universe the wind is the principle of the
movement: but Vata should not be compared with themovement: but Vata should not be compared with the
wind, as it is a kind of energy, which is an internal forcewind, as it is a kind of energy, which is an internal force

VataVata
 Vata is light, minute, and rough, dry, clear and cold in nature.Vata is light, minute, and rough, dry, clear and cold in nature.
It can’t be visualized due to its minute character, butIt can’t be visualized due to its minute character, but
perceived only by observing their actions. perceived only by observing their actions.
Function:Function:
1. Responsible for all the movements of the body, even at1. Responsible for all the movements of the body, even at
cellular level.cellular level.
2. Controls the metabolic processes. But due to its stimulating2. Controls the metabolic processes. But due to its stimulating
action it increases the catabolic processes.action it increases the catabolic processes.
3. Controls the movements of other two doshas Pitta & Kapha.3. Controls the movements of other two doshas Pitta & Kapha.
4. Cell division.4. Cell division.
5. Stimulate all the sensory as well as motor centers.5. Stimulate all the sensory as well as motor centers.
6. Controls respiratory process.6. Controls respiratory process.
7. Responsible for normal functioning of the intellect.7. Responsible for normal functioning of the intellect.
8. Originator of zeal and joy.8. Originator of zeal and joy.

5 Subtypes of Vata:5 Subtypes of Vata:
typetype LocationsLocations ActionsActions
1.1. PranaPrana Mouth , Head, Ear,Mouth , Head, Ear,
Tongue, Nose &Tongue, Nose &
ChestChest
Respiration, swallowing,Respiration, swallowing,
sneezing, spitting etc.sneezing, spitting etc.
2.2. UdanaUdana Larynx, chest,Larynx, chest,
umbilical regionumbilical region
Speech, directing mentalSpeech, directing mental
activities, physical strengthactivities, physical strength
3.3. SamanaSamana Stomach, duodenumStomach, duodenum Digestion, sweating etc.Digestion, sweating etc.
4.4. VyanaVyana Everywhere in theEverywhere in the
bodybody
Circulation in the body, closing ofCirculation in the body, closing of
eyelids etc.eyelids etc.
5.5. ApanaApana Region of umbilicus,Region of umbilicus,
colon, rectum,colon, rectum,
bladder, penis, hipbladder, penis, hip
joints and thighsjoints and thighs
Defecation, micturation,Defecation, micturation,
menstruation, seminal discharge,menstruation, seminal discharge,
deliverydelivery

PITTA -PITTA - The principle of Transformation'The principle of Transformation'
 PITTAPITTA governs all the digestion,governs all the digestion,
metabolism and transforming processes. Itmetabolism and transforming processes. It
can be compared with all hormones andcan be compared with all hormones and
enzymes in the body.enzymes in the body.
 The sun is the energy of conversionThe sun is the energy of conversion
and is represented by fire: whenand is represented by fire: when
anything comes in contact with heatanything comes in contact with heat
it changes its appearance. Pitait changes its appearance. Pita
Dosha inside the human body is saidDosha inside the human body is said
to have this conversion power.to have this conversion power.

PittaPitta
 Pitta is hot, light and clear. It moves upwards orPitta is hot, light and clear. It moves upwards or
downwards depending upon dominancy of energydownwards depending upon dominancy of energy
and water elements, respectively. and water elements, respectively.
 FunctionFunction

1   Heat production.1   Heat production.
2   Increase appetite and thirst.2   Increase appetite and thirst.
3   Maintains color, complexion and luster of skin.3   Maintains color, complexion and luster of skin.
4   Maintains vision.4   Maintains vision.
5   Increases the catabolic processes.5   Increases the catabolic processes.
6   Improves the mental activities.6   Improves the mental activities.
7   Concerned with various emotions like joy, fear7   Concerned with various emotions like joy, fear
anger and courage.anger and courage.

5 Subtypes of pitta5 Subtypes of pitta
SubtypesSubtypes LocationsLocations ActionsActions
1.1. PachakaPachaka Lower part ofLower part of
stomachstomach
small intestinesmall intestine
DigestionDigestion
2.2. RanjakaRanjaka Liver, spleen,Liver, spleen,
stomachstomach
Formation of bloodFormation of blood
3.3. SadhakaSadhaka Heart / BrainHeart / Brain Effect on mental function –Effect on mental function –
fear/ bravery, calmness /fear/ bravery, calmness /
anger confusion / clarityanger confusion / clarity
4.4. AlochakaAlochaka EyeEye VisionVision
5.5. BhrajakaBhrajaka SkinSkin Temperature regulation,Temperature regulation,
sweating, color andsweating, color and
complexioncomplexion

KAPHA -KAPHA - TheThe principle of Stabilityprinciple of Stability
 KAPHAKAPHA which is responsible for cohesionwhich is responsible for cohesion
(adhesive power), static energy (strength),(adhesive power), static energy (strength),
growth and liquefaction. It can be compared withgrowth and liquefaction. It can be compared with
mucous system.mucous system.
 Kapha is the force of attraction and helps toKapha is the force of attraction and helps to
prevent the disintegration of the human body. Itprevent the disintegration of the human body. It
has and is responsible for the formation andhas and is responsible for the formation and
maintenance of the body and regulates itsmaintenance of the body and regulates its
temperature.temperature.
 The moon is responsible for cooling andThe moon is responsible for cooling and
regulating the temperature around the universeregulating the temperature around the universe

KAPHAKAPHA
 It is heavy, stable, smooth, soft, slimy, viscous and moist inIt is heavy, stable, smooth, soft, slimy, viscous and moist in
nature. Due to its slimy, viscid and unctuous character it isnature. Due to its slimy, viscid and unctuous character it is
responsible for giving compactness to the body. responsible for giving compactness to the body.
FunctionFunction
1.  Constitutes the main body mass.1.  Constitutes the main body mass.
2.  Responsible for strength, stability and firmness of the body.2.  Responsible for strength, stability and firmness of the body.
3.  Maintenance of body fluid.3.  Maintenance of body fluid.
4.  All the anabolic process including growth and development4.  All the anabolic process including growth and development
of the body.of the body.
5. Healing of wounds.5. Healing of wounds.
6. Fertility.6. Fertility.
7.  Responsible for certain positive mental attitude zeal,7.  Responsible for certain positive mental attitude zeal,
knowledge, memory, absence of greed and forgiveness.knowledge, memory, absence of greed and forgiveness.
Negative mental qualities like ignorance, laziness, jealouslyNegative mental qualities like ignorance, laziness, jealously
etc. are due to dominancy of Kapha.etc. are due to dominancy of Kapha.

5 Subtypes of Kapha5 Subtypes of Kapha
SubtypesSubtypes LocationsLocations ActionsActions
11
KledakaKledaka StomachStomach Moistens and lubricates foodMoistens and lubricates food
to help in digestionto help in digestion
22
AvalambakaAvalambaka Chest (heart)Chest (heart) Circulation of bloodCirculation of blood
33
BodhakaBodhaka TongueTongue Perception of tastePerception of taste
44
TarpakaTarpaka Head (brain)Head (brain) Nourishment of senseNourishment of sense
organsorgans
55
ShleshakaShleshaka jointsjoints LubricationLubrication

DoshasDoshas
The entire body is inThe entire body is in
fact the abode of all thefact the abode of all the
three Doshas (vata,three Doshas (vata,
pitta, kapha) and aspitta, kapha) and as
such these Doshas bringsuch these Doshas bring
about good and badabout good and bad
results according asresults according as
they are in normal andthey are in normal and
abnormal statesabnormal states
respectively. When in arespectively. When in a
normal state, they bringnormal state, they bring
about good results likeabout good results like
growth, strength,growth, strength,
complexion, happinesscomplexion, happiness
etc. When, in anetc. When, in an
abnormal state, theyabnormal state, they
cause various types ofcause various types of
diseases. diseases.
Charaka Sanhita Charaka Sanhita
Sustra sthanaSustra sthana
Chapter XXChapter XX
verse 8verse 8

Common factor responsible for imbalanced status of DoshasCommon factor responsible for imbalanced status of Doshas

In our day to day life, if we are deviating from naturalIn our day to day life, if we are deviating from natural
pattern of living, we are likely to suffer from imbalancedpattern of living, we are likely to suffer from imbalanced
state of Doshas. This makes the chance for us to fall illstate of Doshas. This makes the chance for us to fall ill

Imbalance ofImbalance of
VataVata..
Summer & monsoon seasons.Summer & monsoon seasons.
Lack of sleepLack of sleep
ExcessiveExcessive
physicalphysical
activityactivity
Long hours of fastingLong hours of fasting
StressStress

Imbalance of Pitta.Imbalance of Pitta.
(a) Consuming too much spicy or oily food.(a) Consuming too much spicy or oily food.

(b) Late night dinner(b) Late night dinner

(c) Excessive consumption of alcohol(c) Excessive consumption of alcohol

(d) Tension or anxiety(d) Tension or anxiety

Imbalance of KaphaImbalance of Kapha
Consumption ofConsumption of
sweet in excesssweet in excess
amount.amount.
ExcessiveExcessive
intake ofintake of
food rich infood rich in
carbohydratecarbohydrate
s and fatss and fats..
LessLess
PhysicalPhysical
activityactivity

The three vital principles of doshas are vata, pitta andThe three vital principles of doshas are vata, pitta and
kapha, which together regulate and control the catabolickapha, which together regulate and control the catabolic
and anabolic metabolism. The main function of the threeand anabolic metabolism. The main function of the three
Doshas is to carry the byproduct of digested foodsDoshas is to carry the byproduct of digested foods
throughout the body, which helps in building up the bodythroughout the body, which helps in building up the body
tissues. Any malfunction in these doshas causes disease. tissues. Any malfunction in these doshas causes disease.
Doshas play a vital role in the basic foundation ofDoshas play a vital role in the basic foundation of
Ayurveda. They are responsible for coordinating andAyurveda. They are responsible for coordinating and
directing all the substances and structures of the body.directing all the substances and structures of the body.
According to Ayurveda there are three vital principles,According to Ayurveda there are three vital principles,
which regulate and control the biological functions of thewhich regulate and control the biological functions of the
body.body.

The common origin of the universe and manThe common origin of the universe and man
 The human body is also made of these five elements. Accordingly, theThe human body is also made of these five elements. Accordingly, the
elements in the universe and the elements in the human body reveal aelements in the universe and the elements in the human body reveal a
common origin. These common factors create a harmony between man andcommon origin. These common factors create a harmony between man and
the universe and there is a co-relation between the universe and the humanthe universe and there is a co-relation between the universe and the human
body. In the external universe there are three main causative factors - thebody. In the external universe there are three main causative factors - the
sun, moon, and wind. In the human body there are three constituentsun, moon, and wind. In the human body there are three constituent
elements - Vatha, Pitha and Kapha. There are similarities between theseelements - Vatha, Pitha and Kapha. There are similarities between these
causative factors.causative factors.
 Just as much as theJust as much as the sunsun,, thethe moonmoon,, and theand the windwind have achieved a sensehave achieved a sense
of balance to maintain the universe,of balance to maintain the universe, VathaVatha,, PithaPitha andand KaphaKapha have to behave to be
in correct balance to maintain the human body and well being of the humanin correct balance to maintain the human body and well being of the human
body.body.
 As universe and man have a common origin the activities in the universeAs universe and man have a common origin the activities in the universe
also takes place inside the human being. In the same way that the Sun,also takes place inside the human being. In the same way that the Sun,
Moon, and Wind maintain the world, Vatha, Pitha and Kapha sustains theMoon, and Wind maintain the world, Vatha, Pitha and Kapha sustains the
body.body.

Seven Dhatu (tissue elements) in the human bodySeven Dhatu (tissue elements) in the human body
The word “dhatu” comes from a Sanskrit word whichThe word “dhatu” comes from a Sanskrit word which
means “that which enters into the formation of the body”.means “that which enters into the formation of the body”.
Dhatu are basically the body tissues which are responsibleDhatu are basically the body tissues which are responsible
for the functioning of the systems and organs and thefor the functioning of the systems and organs and the
structure of the body. Each of the Dhatus is built out of astructure of the body. Each of the Dhatus is built out of a
previous one and they develop on the nourishment thatprevious one and they develop on the nourishment that
comes from the digestive system. (The nutrition of ourcomes from the digestive system. (The nutrition of our
foods converts in to Seven Dhatus)foods converts in to Seven Dhatus)
It helps in the growth and structure of mind.It helps in the growth and structure of mind.
Dosha and Dhatus have relation with each other in healthDosha and Dhatus have relation with each other in health
and disease. In pathogenesis of disease these both playand disease. In pathogenesis of disease these both play
key role.key role. Each dhatu consists of countless infinite smallEach dhatu consists of countless infinite small
cells which are units of structure and functioncells which are units of structure and function

Blood tissueBlood tissue
 Rasa (Plasma tissue element)Rasa (Plasma tissue element)
 Rakta (Blood tissue element)Rakta (Blood tissue element)
 Mansa (Muscles tissue element)Mansa (Muscles tissue element)
 Medas (Fat tissue element)Medas (Fat tissue element)
 Asti (Bone tissue element)Asti (Bone tissue element)
 Majja (Bone marrow tissue element)Majja (Bone marrow tissue element)
 Shukra (Reproductive tissue element)Shukra (Reproductive tissue element)

Rasa DhatuRasa Dhatu
This dhatu comprises of fluids like chyle,This dhatu comprises of fluids like chyle,
blood plasma, extra cellular andblood plasma, extra cellular and
transcellular fluid lymph. Its function istranscellular fluid lymph. Its function is
nourishment. - Status of Rasa dhatu cannourishment. - Status of Rasa dhatu can
be assessed by the condition of the skin.be assessed by the condition of the skin.
Good condition of Rasa dhatu isGood condition of Rasa dhatu is
demonstrated by smooth , soft anddemonstrated by smooth , soft and
delicate skindelicate skin

Rakta DhatuRakta Dhatu
This is blood. Its function is invigoration.This is blood. Its function is invigoration.
Appearance of mouth ,tongue, lips, palms,Appearance of mouth ,tongue, lips, palms,
soles, nails is reddish and full of lusture.soles, nails is reddish and full of lusture.
This indicate the wellness of Rakta dhatu.This indicate the wellness of Rakta dhatu.

Mamsa DhatuMamsa Dhatu
 This is muscle tissue. Its function isThis is muscle tissue. Its function is
holding the skeleton together. A personholding the skeleton together. A person
who is having well developed muscles, hiswho is having well developed muscles, his
Mamsa dhatu is well in order.Mamsa dhatu is well in order.

Meda DhatuMeda Dhatu
This is fat/adipose tissue. Its function isThis is fat/adipose tissue. Its function is
lubrication. Unctuousness in complexion islubrication. Unctuousness in complexion is
the feature of normal Meda dhatuthe feature of normal Meda dhatu

Asthi DhatuAsthi Dhatu
This is bone tissue. It function is to provideThis is bone tissue. It function is to provide
support.support.
When Asthi dhatu is in order it makes theWhen Asthi dhatu is in order it makes the
body strong and firmbody strong and firm

Majja DhatuMajja Dhatu
This is marrow inside the bone, brain andThis is marrow inside the bone, brain and
spinal cord. It’s function is to fill the bonespinal cord. It’s function is to fill the bone
joints.joints.

Shukra DhatuShukra Dhatu
This is the male and female sexual fluids.This is the male and female sexual fluids.
Its function is reproduction and productionIts function is reproduction and production
of a fluid (of a fluid (ojasojas) which produces strength,) which produces strength,
aura and controls the immunity. In normalaura and controls the immunity. In normal
course shukra dhatu is indicated bycourse shukra dhatu is indicated by
round, firm and even teeth, goodround, firm and even teeth, good
complexion, voice and cheerfulness.complexion, voice and cheerfulness.

Three Main Mala (excretory substances)Three Main Mala (excretory substances)
in the human bodyin the human body
Mala means waste products or dirty.Mala means waste products or dirty.
The human body produces three main waste products thatThe human body produces three main waste products that
i.e.i.e. stool, urine and sweat.stool, urine and sweat.
It is important that these waste products are expelled from the bodyIt is important that these waste products are expelled from the body
regularly, or else they collect as toxins. They are actually by productsregularly, or else they collect as toxins. They are actually by products
formed as a result of various physiological activities going on in theformed as a result of various physiological activities going on in the
body.body.
Purish (stool / Faeces)),Purish (stool / Faeces)),
Mutra (urine)Mutra (urine)
Sweda (sweatSweda (sweat ) are considered as main excretory product of the body.) are considered as main excretory product of the body.
These are also known as Dushya as these tend to be influenced to causeThese are also known as Dushya as these tend to be influenced to cause
pathology or disease by imbalanced doshas.pathology or disease by imbalanced doshas.
It is third in the trinity of the body i.e. doshas and dhatu. Malas areIt is third in the trinity of the body i.e. doshas and dhatu. Malas are
mainly the waste products of the body so their proper excretion from themainly the waste products of the body so their proper excretion from the
body is essential to maintain the proper health of the individual. Therebody is essential to maintain the proper health of the individual. There
are mainly two aspect of mala i.e. mala and kitta. Mala is about wasteare mainly two aspect of mala i.e. mala and kitta. Mala is about waste
products of the body whereas kitta is all about the waste products ofproducts of the body whereas kitta is all about the waste products of
Dhatu.Dhatu.

 While Dosha (While Dosha (three body humorsthree body humors) are the most important in) are the most important in
the control of the physiological functioning of the body Dhatuthe control of the physiological functioning of the body Dhatu
((Tissue ElementsTissue Elements), Mala (), Mala (Excretory substancesExcretory substances), Agni (), Agni (thethe
digestive powerdigestive power), Ojas (), Ojas (Immunological factorsImmunological factors) also play a) also play a
vital role.vital role.
 All these factors are important to maintain health. And theyAll these factors are important to maintain health. And they
get disturbed or affected by various disease conditions. Theget disturbed or affected by various disease conditions. The
Ayurvedic Doctors role is to restore the balance or theAyurvedic Doctors role is to restore the balance or the
normalcy of these factors using foods, behavioral andnormalcy of these factors using foods, behavioral and
medicament remedies which are mostly naturalmedicament remedies which are mostly natural..

What is Prakriti?What is Prakriti?
The termThe term PrakrutiPrakruti is a Sanskrit word that literally means,is a Sanskrit word that literally means,
‘‘the science of nature,’ orthe science of nature,’ or
‘‘basic traitbasic trait’’ ,,
'nature','nature',
'creativity''creativity'
the first creationthe first creation which determines the innate character,which determines the innate character,
physical constitution or disposition of a personphysical constitution or disposition of a person
The combination of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha which is present in the
individual at the time of conception is maintained throughout his lifetime
Every person is born with a definite genetic constitution.
There are three major types of Prakriti vata, pitta, kapha and these reflect
predominance of that particular Dosha.
The body behaves according to the status of Dosha Prakriti. Different
persons can have different combination of Vata, Pitta and kapha as their
basic constitution .

PrakritiPrakriti
 That is why; two people react differently when exposedThat is why; two people react differently when exposed
to a similar situation.to a similar situation.
For example,For example,
a person is born with Vata Prakriti and his or her diet isa person is born with Vata Prakriti and his or her diet is
rich in Vata promoting substances then he or she is likelyrich in Vata promoting substances then he or she is likely
to develop a problems like Constipation etc.to develop a problems like Constipation etc.
 while the same diet is consumed by a person of Pittawhile the same diet is consumed by a person of Pitta
constitution that will keep him or her in order.constitution that will keep him or her in order.
 Thus, according to Ayurveda everyone is unique andThus, according to Ayurveda everyone is unique and
each one of them has a distinct body constitution, whicheach one of them has a distinct body constitution, which
is totally different from each other.is totally different from each other.

PrakritiPrakriti
There are seven possible Prakriti (constitution) types –There are seven possible Prakriti (constitution) types –
a)a)  Vata PrakritiVata Prakriti
b)b)  Pitta PrakritiPitta Prakriti
c)c)  Kapha PrakritiKapha Prakriti
d)d)  Vata – Pitta PrakritiVata – Pitta Prakriti
e)e)  Vata – Kapha PrakritiVata – Kapha Prakriti
f)f)    Pitta – Kapha PrakritiPitta – Kapha Prakriti
g)g)    Tridosha PrakritiTridosha Prakriti
These are only broad categories. But by variation inThese are only broad categories. But by variation in
proportion it may be of innumerable types. We find thatproportion it may be of innumerable types. We find that
most people around us have a dual personality.most people around us have a dual personality.

PrakritiPrakriti
 One has to develop a good concept of Prakriti analysis,One has to develop a good concept of Prakriti analysis,
without knowledge of one’s Prakriti, it is practicallywithout knowledge of one’s Prakriti, it is practically
impossible to apply Ayurvedic fundamentals inimpossible to apply Ayurvedic fundamentals in
prevention, promotion and cure of diseaseprevention, promotion and cure of disease
 The Fundamental approach of treatment in Ayurveda isThe Fundamental approach of treatment in Ayurveda is
individual. Diagnosis and treatment is focused on notindividual. Diagnosis and treatment is focused on not
only on the symptoms or the disease but on theonly on the symptoms or the disease but on the
individual as a whole.individual as a whole.
 The diagnosis finds out the prakritiThe diagnosis finds out the prakriti (Body Constitution of(Body Constitution of
thethe person), food, habits and behaviors underline theperson), food, habits and behaviors underline the
disease , the causative factors of the disease, thedisease , the causative factors of the disease, the
affected channels and organs, the affected Dosha,affected channels and organs, the affected Dosha,
Dhatu, Mala and etc., the condition of the digestiveDhatu, Mala and etc., the condition of the digestive
power, the presence of Ama (Indigested matter or toxicpower, the presence of Ama (Indigested matter or toxic
substances), the condition of Ojas and etc.substances), the condition of Ojas and etc.

The diagnosis of the Body Constitution is a very
important and vital point to decide on the
treatment or to decide on the health promotion
measures.
There is some unique diagnosis methods used in
Ayurveda with the other usual techniques
It helps in deciding the ideal life style and
therapeutic regimen for an individual.
Depending on the predominance of a single
Dosha, or different permutations and
combinations, Prakriti could be of seven types
out of which the three main types are vata, pitta
and kapha whereas Vikriti has several types and
can be determined only through thorough
examinations

Meaning of VikritiMeaning of Vikriti
 VikrutiVikruti is the discrepancy that makes our body different from a normal oris the discrepancy that makes our body different from a normal or
healthy constitution.healthy constitution.
 In simple terms, it is the abnormal or the diseased state. When the DoshasIn simple terms, it is the abnormal or the diseased state. When the Doshas
of the body are not in perfect equilibrium, it can be termed as the stage ofof the body are not in perfect equilibrium, it can be termed as the stage of
VikrutiVikruti..
 Any kind of abnormality (Any kind of abnormality (VikrutiVikruti) in the body can lead to complications in the) in the body can lead to complications in the
normal regulation of body functions and thus lead to any seriousnormal regulation of body functions and thus lead to any serious
complication or disease.complication or disease.
 For treatingFor treating VikrutiVikruti,,
– reason or etiology of the disease,reason or etiology of the disease,
– the state of Doshas,the state of Doshas,
– the state of the dushyas (the dhatus that are vitiated by the dosha),the state of the dushyas (the dhatus that are vitiated by the dosha),
– desha (habitat of the person anddesha (habitat of the person and
– kala (seasonal time),kala (seasonal time),
– bala (strength of the patient and disease) andbala (strength of the patient and disease) and
– symptoms of the individual is determined.symptoms of the individual is determined.

Vikriti cont…Vikriti cont…
 In Ayurveda, both Prakriti and Vikriti form aIn Ayurveda, both Prakriti and Vikriti form a
significant part, the latter being more perused.significant part, the latter being more perused.
 In simple words,In simple words,
if a doctor is a particular of a person, then heif a doctor is a particular of a person, then he
is treating the Vikriti of the person.is treating the Vikriti of the person.
Treating a disease = treating the VikritiTreating a disease = treating the Vikriti
 The science of life states that if the Doshas ofThe science of life states that if the Doshas of
the body are not in equilibrium, then a personthe body are not in equilibrium, then a person
suffers from any form of disease.suffers from any form of disease.

VattaVatta Vikriti Vikriti
There are various factors responsible for increasing vataThere are various factors responsible for increasing vata::
 Excessive intake of food like cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, sprouts, beans,Excessive intake of food like cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, sprouts, beans,
dry fruits, mushrooms and raw foods.dry fruits, mushrooms and raw foods.
 Travelling too much by any means of transportation.Travelling too much by any means of transportation.
 Untimely sleeping hours or late nightsUntimely sleeping hours or late nights
 Too much eating of junk food, frozen food and micro waved cookedToo much eating of junk food, frozen food and micro waved cooked
 Exposure to sound pollutionExposure to sound pollution
 Too much exposure to television and computers or any electric gadgetsToo much exposure to television and computers or any electric gadgets
 Indulging more in sexual activitiesIndulging more in sexual activities
 Excessive physical labor like sportsExcessive physical labor like sports
 Taking too much medicinal, recreational and stimulating drugs.Taking too much medicinal, recreational and stimulating drugs.
Symptoms: Symptoms caused by excess of vata in the body are:Symptoms: Symptoms caused by excess of vata in the body are:
 Joint PainsJoint Pains
 ConstipationConstipation
 Dry SkinDry Skin
 Loss of MemoryLoss of Memory
 Palpitation insomniaPalpitation insomnia
 Stiffness of musclesStiffness of muscles
 Weight LossWeight Loss
 MigraineMigraine
 VertigoVertigo
 TremorsTremors

Pitta VikritPitta Vikrit
There are various factors responsible for increasing vata:There are various factors responsible for increasing vata:
 Drinking too much tea, coffee, alcohol and excessive smokingDrinking too much tea, coffee, alcohol and excessive smoking
increase pitta in the body.increase pitta in the body.
 Eating of hot and spicy foodEating of hot and spicy food
 Too intake of chillies, tomatoes, egg plant, spinach, and onions.Too intake of chillies, tomatoes, egg plant, spinach, and onions.
 Exposure to sun and heat also increases pitta.Exposure to sun and heat also increases pitta.
Symptoms: Some of the symptoms caused by excess of pitta in the body areSymptoms: Some of the symptoms caused by excess of pitta in the body are::
 HyperacidityHyperacidity
 Skin diseasesSkin diseases
 Burning sensationBurning sensation
 FeverFever
 InfectionsInfections
 Ulcers And Liver disordersUlcers And Liver disorders

KaphaKapha VikritiVikriti
There are various factors responsible for increasing Kapha:There are various factors responsible for increasing Kapha:
 Eating too much sugars, fats, oily and fried foods, iceEating too much sugars, fats, oily and fried foods, ice
creams, meats, dairy products and nutscreams, meats, dairy products and nuts
 Sleeping during day time and less of physical activitiesSleeping during day time and less of physical activities
Symptoms: Some of the symptoms caused by excess of kapha in the body are:Symptoms: Some of the symptoms caused by excess of kapha in the body are:
 AsthmaAsthma
 Cough and coldCough and cold
 Congestion in the chestCongestion in the chest
 AnorexiaAnorexia
 ObesityObesity

Concept of Agni, AmaConcept of Agni, Ama
 The other important principle governing the basic physiology ofThe other important principle governing the basic physiology of
Ayurveda isAyurveda is AgniAgni. Ayurveda believes that any disturbance in. Ayurveda believes that any disturbance in
digestion and metabolism leads to the formation of toxinsdigestion and metabolism leads to the formation of toxins (Ama),(Ama),
which give rise to diseases.which give rise to diseases. AgniAgni governs this disturbance ofgoverns this disturbance of
digestion and metabolism.digestion and metabolism.
 When there is an imbalance of the Tri Dosha or Saptha Dhatu orWhen there is an imbalance of the Tri Dosha or Saptha Dhatu or
AgniAgni, the disease process begins. The balanced state of the things, the disease process begins. The balanced state of the things
mentioned above is responsible for the natural immunity of thementioned above is responsible for the natural immunity of the
person.person.
 AgniAgni All kinds of metabolic and digestive activity of the body takes All kinds of metabolic and digestive activity of the body takes
place with the help of the biological fire of the body calledplace with the help of the biological fire of the body called AgniAgni.. AgniAgni
can be termed as the various enzymes present in the elementarycan be termed as the various enzymes present in the elementary
canal, liver and the tissue cells.canal, liver and the tissue cells.
 ((Ama is a peculiar concept in Ayurveda (for which modern chemistry has no correlate). It is an important factor in a cause of disease andAma is a peculiar concept in Ayurveda (for which modern chemistry has no correlate). It is an important factor in a cause of disease and
in modification of disease process. Role of Ama - Ama originates from improperly digested toxic particles that clog the channels in yourin modification of disease process. Role of Ama - Ama originates from improperly digested toxic particles that clog the channels in your
body. Some of these channels are physical and include the intestines, lymphatic system, arteries and veins, capillaries, and genitourinarybody. Some of these channels are physical and include the intestines, lymphatic system, arteries and veins, capillaries, and genitourinary
tract. Others are nonphysical channels called nadis through which your energy flows. )tract. Others are nonphysical channels called nadis through which your energy flows. )

What is Diseases?What is Diseases?
 An Example: The concept ofAn Example: The concept of Prakruti and VikrutiPrakruti and Vikruti can be illustrated withcan be illustrated with
reference to our body temperature. When healthy, we maintain an averagereference to our body temperature. When healthy, we maintain an average
body temperature of about 98.4oF, which can be regarded.body temperature of about 98.4oF, which can be regarded.
 As our Prakriti Although different persons can have different baseAs our Prakriti Although different persons can have different base
temperatures, it does not change much so long as the person is healthy.temperatures, it does not change much so long as the person is healthy.
When we go outside on a winter day, our body temperature may go downWhen we go outside on a winter day, our body temperature may go down
slightly; but will come right back to the normal if we are healthy.slightly; but will come right back to the normal if we are healthy.
 When we areWhen we are sick or catch a cold, our body temperature will go upsick or catch a cold, our body temperature will go up. This. This
indicates that we are sick or outside our normal base condition. We mayindicates that we are sick or outside our normal base condition. We may
take medicine to bring the body temperature back to the normal range. Intake medicine to bring the body temperature back to the normal range. In
analogy to Ayurveda, our present temperature may be considered asanalogy to Ayurveda, our present temperature may be considered as
Vikruti, because Vikruti means the state of disease. So it is important toVikruti, because Vikruti means the state of disease. So it is important to
understand theunderstand the Prakriti and Vikruti of our bodyPrakriti and Vikruti of our body. .
Unlike other ancient medical sciences, the science of Ayurvedic healing isUnlike other ancient medical sciences, the science of Ayurvedic healing is
not simply based on assumptions and probabilities rather based on logicalnot simply based on assumptions and probabilities rather based on logical
examinations and testsexaminations and tests. .

What is Ayurveda

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