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Immune response to viruses

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Chulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group
Chulalongkorn Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Group

Immune response to viruses Presented by Yoavanit Srivaro, MD. December 11, 2015

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Immune response to viruses Yoavanit Srivaro M.D.
Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
Definition and Properties of a Virus • Filterable agents • Obligate intracellular parasites • Can not make energy/proteins without host cell Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral genomes may be RNA or DNA • Viruses have a naked capsid or an envelope morphology • Viral components are assembled and do not replicate by “division.” Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure.
FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
Virus Receptor Epstein-Barr virus Complement receptor 2 (CR2) Influenza virus Sialic residue on cell surface glycoprotein Rhinovirus Intracellular adhesion molecule: ICAMs Vaccinia virus Epidermal growth factor receptor Cellular receptor for viruses entry
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
Scott N. Mueller BTR. Immune responses to viruses. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, William T. Shearer HW, Jr. S, Frew AJ, Weyand CM, editors. Clinical immunology principle and practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier 2008. p. 421-31.
Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN γ) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN γ) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-5 Epithelial barriers. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-5 Epithelial barriers. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN γ) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Type I interferons • IFN-α is produced by - Plasmacytoid dendritic cells - Mononuclear phagocytes • IFN-β is produced by many cell types Interferon: interfere with viral infection Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 13.1 Pathways by which type I IFN production Plasmacytoid DCs • Produce high levels of type I IFN • Without themselves becoming infected Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons
FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed.Philadelphia Elsevier Saunders:;2015.
Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN γ) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages
FIGURE 4-7 Functions of NK cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed.Philadelphia Elsevier Saunders:;2015. Important mechanism of immunity against viruses early in the course of infection.
Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN γ) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages
Macrophages • Phagocytosis of virus and virus-infected cells; • Killing of virus-infected cells; and • Production of antiviral molecules : TNFα, nitric oxide, and IFNα. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Antiviral antibodies • Secretory IgA: neutralizing antibody - Respiratory tract - Intestinal tract • IgG - ADCC Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Antiviral antibodies • Secretory IgA: neutralizing antibody - Respiratory tract - Intestinal tract • IgG - ADCC Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. 1. Blocks binding to cell 2. Blocks entry into cell
Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. 1. Activate membrane attack complex lysis 2. Opsonization
Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Antibody bound to infected cells ADCC
Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
FIGURE 16-7 Adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Helper T (Th) cells • CD4+ T cell-derived IL-2: CD8+ T cell growth factor • CD4+ T cell-derived chemokines: recruit CD8+ T to site of infection • CD4+ T cells secrete IFNγ and TNFα to recruit and activate macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Helper T (Th) cells • CD4+ T cell-derived IL-2: CD8+ T cell growth factor • CD4+ T cell-derived chemokines: recruit CD8+ T to site of infection • CD4+ T cells secrete IFNγ and TNFα to recruit and activate macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Helper T (Th) cells • CD4+ T cell-derived IL-2: CD8+ T cell growth factor • CD4+ T cell-derived chemokines: recruit CD8+ T to site of infection • CD4+ T cells secrete IFNγ and TNFα to recruit and activate macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-γ) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Figure 11-29 Biochemistry Sixth Edition 2007 W.H> Freeman and Company Influenza Virus
Figure 11-29 Biochemistry Sixth Edition 2007 W.H> Freeman and Company Influenza Virus
Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
FIGURE 16-8 Generation of new influenza virus strainsby genetic recombination (antigenic shift). Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-γ) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-γ) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-γ) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
Summary • Innate immune mechanisms restrict the early stages of infection and delay spread of virus. : Interferon : NK cells : Macrophages
Summary • As a viral infection proceeds, the adaptive (specific) immune response unfolds. : Ab & complement limit viral spread & reinfection : CD8+ CTLs destroy virus infected cells : CD4+ T cells are a major effector cell population
Summary • Viruses have evolved strategies to evade the immune response. : Virus latency & antigenic variation are the most effective mechanisms. : Many DNA viruses have strategies to control expression of MHC molecules.

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Immune response to viruses

  • 1. Immune response to viruses Yoavanit Srivaro M.D.
  • 2. Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
  • 3. Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
  • 4. Definition and Properties of a Virus • Filterable agents • Obligate intracellular parasites • Can not make energy/proteins without host cell Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 5. Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral genomes may be RNA or DNA • Viruses have a naked capsid or an envelope morphology • Viral components are assembled and do not replicate by “division.” Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 6. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 7. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 8. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 9. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 10. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 11. FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 12.
  • 13. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 14. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 15. FIGURE 36-1 Components of the basic virion. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 16. FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure.
  • 17. FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 18. FIGURE 36-4 Virion structure. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA, editors. Medical microbiology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunder; 2014.
  • 19.
  • 20. Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
  • 21. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 22. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 23. Virus Receptor Epstein-Barr virus Complement receptor 2 (CR2) Influenza virus Sialic residue on cell surface glycoprotein Rhinovirus Intracellular adhesion molecule: ICAMs Vaccinia virus Epidermal growth factor receptor Cellular receptor for viruses entry
  • 24. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 25. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 26. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 27. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 28. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 29. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 30. FIGURE 36-8 A general scheme of viral replication Peakman M, Vergani D, editors. Basic and Clinical Immunology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2009.
  • 31. Scott N. Mueller BTR. Immune responses to viruses. In: Rich RR, Fleisher TA, William T. Shearer HW, Jr. S, Frew AJ, Weyand CM, editors. Clinical immunology principle and practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier 2008. p. 421-31.
  • 32. Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
  • 33. Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN Îł) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 34. Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN Îł) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 35. FIGURE 4-5 Epithelial barriers. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 36. FIGURE 4-5 Epithelial barriers. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 37. Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN Îł) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 38. Type I interferons • IFN-α is produced by - Plasmacytoid dendritic cells - Mononuclear phagocytes • IFN-β is produced by many cell types Interferon: interfere with viral infection Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 39. FIGURE 13.1 Pathways by which type I IFN production Plasmacytoid DCs • Produce high levels of type I IFN • Without themselves becoming infected Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 40. FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 41. FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 42. FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 43. FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 44. FIGURE 4-16 Mechanisms of induction of type I interferons by viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 45. FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 46. FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 47. FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 48. FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 49. FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons
  • 50. FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 51. FIGURE 4-17 Biologic actions of type I interferons Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed.Philadelphia Elsevier Saunders:;2015.
  • 52. Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN Îł) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages
  • 53. FIGURE 4-7 Functions of NK cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed.Philadelphia Elsevier Saunders:;2015. Important mechanism of immunity against viruses early in the course of infection.
  • 54. Innate immune response to viral infection • Epithelial barrier • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) • Type II IFN (IFN Îł) – Natural killer cells – Macrophages
  • 55. Macrophages • Phagocytosis of virus and virus-infected cells; • Killing of virus-infected cells; and • Production of antiviral molecules : TNFα, nitric oxide, and IFNα. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 56. Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 57. Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 58. Antiviral antibodies • Secretory IgA: neutralizing antibody - Respiratory tract - Intestinal tract • IgG - ADCC Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 59. Antiviral antibodies • Secretory IgA: neutralizing antibody - Respiratory tract - Intestinal tract • IgG - ADCC Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 60. Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. 1. Blocks binding to cell 2. Blocks entry into cell
  • 61. Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. 1. Activate membrane attack complex lysis 2. Opsonization
  • 62. Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22. Antibody bound to infected cells ADCC
  • 63. Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 64. FIGURE 16-7 Adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 65. FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 66. FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 67. FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 68. FIGURE 11-6 Mechanisms of CTL-mediated killing of target cells.. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 69. Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 70. Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Antiviral antibodies • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) • Helper T (Th) cells Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 71. Helper T (Th) cells • CD4+ T cell-derived IL-2: CD8+ T cell growth factor • CD4+ T cell-derived chemokines: recruit CD8+ T to site of infection • CD4+ T cells secrete IFNÎł and TNFα to recruit and activate macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 72. Helper T (Th) cells • CD4+ T cell-derived IL-2: CD8+ T cell growth factor • CD4+ T cell-derived chemokines: recruit CD8+ T to site of infection • CD4+ T cells secrete IFNÎł and TNFα to recruit and activate macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 73. Helper T (Th) cells • CD4+ T cell-derived IL-2: CD8+ T cell growth factor • CD4+ T cell-derived chemokines: recruit CD8+ T to site of infection • CD4+ T cells secrete IFNÎł and TNFα to recruit and activate macrophages Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 74. Fig. 13.6 Effector mechanisms by which adaptive responses combat virus replication Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 75. FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 76. FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 77. FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 78. FIGURE 16-7 Innate and adaptive immune responses against viruses. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 79. Outlines • Definition and Properties of a Virus • Viral replication • Innate immune response to viral infection • Adaptive immune response to viral infection • Immune Evasion by Viruses
  • 80. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-Îł) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 81. Figure 11-29 Biochemistry Sixth Edition 2007 W.H> Freeman and Company Influenza Virus
  • 82. Figure 11-29 Biochemistry Sixth Edition 2007 W.H> Freeman and Company Influenza Virus
  • 83. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 84. Borrow P, Nash AA. Immunity to viruses. In: Male D, Brostoff J, Roth D, Roitt I, editors. Immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2013. p. 211-22.
  • 85. FIGURE 16-8 Generation of new influenza virus strainsby genetic recombination (antigenic shift). Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 86. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-Îł) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 87. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-Îł) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 88. FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 89. FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 90. FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 91. FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 92. FIGURE16-9 Mechanisms by which viruses inhibit antigen processing & presentation. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 93. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Antigenic variation Influenza, rhinovirus, HIV Inhibition of antigen processing Blockade of TAP transporter Removal of class I molecules from the ER Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Production of “decoy” MHC molecules to inhibit NK cells Cytomegalovirus (murine) Production of cytokine receptor homologues Vaccinia, poxviruses (IL-1, IFN-Îł) Cytomegalovirus (chemokine) TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 94. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 95. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 96. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 97. Mechanism of Immune Evasion Examples Production of immunosuppressive cytokine Epstein-Barr (IL-10) Infection and death or functional impairment of immune cells HIV Inhibition of complement activation Recruitment of factor H Incorporation of CD59 in viral envelope HIV HIV, vaccinia, human CMV Inhibition of innate immunity Inhibition of access to RIG-I RNA sensor Inhibition of PKR (signaling by IFN receptor Vaccinia, HIV HIV, HCV, HSV, polio TABLE 16-3 Mechanisms of Immune Evasion by Viruses Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S, editors. Cellular and molecular immunology. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders;2015.
  • 98. Summary • Innate immune mechanisms restrict the early stages of infection and delay spread of virus. : Interferon : NK cells : Macrophages
  • 99. Summary • As a viral infection proceeds, the adaptive (specific) immune response unfolds. : Ab & complement limit viral spread & reinfection : CD8+ CTLs destroy virus infected cells : CD4+ T cells are a major effector cell population
  • 100. Summary • Viruses have evolved strategies to evade the immune response. : Virus latency & antigenic variation are the most effective mechanisms. : Many DNA viruses have strategies to control expression of MHC molecules.