asibshenasi Yazdani
- 2. 298299
ﭼﻜﻴﺪﻩ
ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺎﻱﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺍﺵ1
ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ
،ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ،ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﭼﻪﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ 2
ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ،ﺁﻥ
،ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲﻭﺍﺭﺩﺷﺎﻏﻞ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﺩﺭﻛﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐ.ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲﺩﺭﻫﻢﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ 3
ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ
ﺷﻐﻞ ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ 4
ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻗﺼﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ
ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻱﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ 6
ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻱﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻲﺑﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ 5
ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ
ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﻱ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ،ﻧﺎﻣﻪﭘﺮﺳﺶ
.7
ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻐﻞ
ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ،ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻱ
ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ،ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭ ،ﺍﺳﺖ 8
ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ
.ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ
ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱﻫﺎﻱﻭﺍژﻩ
،ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ،(ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ)ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ،ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ،ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ
ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥﺗﺤﻘﻖ،ﻫﻨﺮﻱﺑﻴﺎﻥ،ﺳﺎﺋﻖ،ﺷﺪﻩﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲﻗﻄﺐ،ﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪﻗﻄﺐ،ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ
.ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ،ﺧﻮﺩ
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ
ﺑﺮﺍﻱﻭﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽﺩﭼﺎﺭﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭﺑﺎﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﺩﺭﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻱﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ،ﺍﻭﺳﺖ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲﺭﺍﻩ ﭼﻪ ،ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺑﺮﻭﻥ
ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ،ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻑ
.ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ 9
ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﺵﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ
ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ11
ﻛﻮﻫﺎﺕﻫﺎﻳﻨﺰﻧﻈﺮﻭ10
ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ«ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ»ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱﺑﻴﻦﺍﻡﻛﺮﺩﻩﺳﻌﻲ
ـﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ 12
ﭘﺮﻟﺰ ﻓﺮﻳﺘﺲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ
ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺰﻧﻢ ﭘﻠﻲ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯﺳﻮﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ 13
ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ
ﺍﻭ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻧﻲ ﭼﻪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ
.ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ
- 3. 300301
ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ
ﻱﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ :ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﻭﻗﻄﺐ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ «»ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ،ﻛﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻳﻨﺰ
ﻓﺮﻳﺘﺲ ﻧﻈﺮﺑﻪ14
.ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻫﻤﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ،«»ﺧﻮﺩ
ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡ ،ﻗﻄﺐ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ،ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻣﻲﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻛﻪﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ،ﭘﺮﻟﺰ
ﻭ ﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺿﻲ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻣﻲﭘﻴﺶ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻼﺷﻲ ﺁﺩﻣﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ .ﺁﻳﺪﻣﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺑﻪ ،ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﮔﻮﻳﺪﻣﻲ ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻪﺁﻥ
ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ 15
.ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ
ﺩﻭﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ «»ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺯ .ﺍﺳﺖ «»ﻣﻦ ﺑﺨﺸﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ
ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻛﻮﺷﺪﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺳﺖﺁﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻋﻬﺪﻩ «»ﻣﻦ .ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ
ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﺩﻭﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱﺁﻥﺍﺯﻫﺮﻳﻚﺍﻣﺎ.ﺩﻫﺪﻭﻓﻖﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕﻭﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂﺑﺎﺭﺍﻫﺎﺁﻥﻫﺎﻱﻫﺪﻑ
ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ .ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺳﺨﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ،ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﻴﺮﻱﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎ
ﻭ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ،ﺁﺭﺯﻭﻫﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ،(ﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ )ﻗﻄﺐ «»ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ 16
ﺳﺎﺋﻖ
ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ،ﺍﺳﺖ (ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ )ﻗﻄﺐ «ﺮﻣﻦَﺑ»ﺍ ﻫﺎﻱﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺗﻲ
ﺑﺎ(ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ،ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﺍﻳﻦ)ﺩﺭﻓﺮﺩﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞﺩﺭ،ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱﺍﻳﻦﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ17
.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ
ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝﺑﻪ.ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻲﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺭﺍﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﺍﻳﻦﺍﺻﻠﻲﻣﺤﻮﺭ(ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲﺷﻐﻞﻭﻛﺎﺭ)ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻣﺤﻴﻂ
(ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ )ﻛﻠﻴﺖ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪﻥ
.ﺷﻮﺩﻫﻮﻳﺘﺶﺁﺷﻔﺘﮕﻲﻭﺭﻳﺨﺘﮕﻲﺩﺭﻫﻢﺑﺮﻭﺯﺑﻪﻣﻨﺠﺮﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺳﺎﺯﺩﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ
ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ ﺟﺪﺍﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ،ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ
ﺍﻭﺍﻱﺣﺮﻓﻪ«ِ»ﻣﻦ.ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﭘﺎﻣﻲ،ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞﺍﻭﺑﻪﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥﺍﺯﻛﻪﭼﻪﺁﻥﻭﺧﻮﺩﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ
ﭼﻪ)ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻘﺘﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﻥﻭﻓﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ
ﺗﻠﻘﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ (ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﻛﻪ
ﺍﺵﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱﺑﺮﻭﺯﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ،ﺍﻭﺍﻱﺣﺮﻓﻪﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖﺗﻨﮓﻱﻋﺮﺻﻪﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲﭼﻨﻴﻦﺩﺭ.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ
،ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻧﻴﺎﺯﺍﺯﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱﺳﺎﺋﻖﻭﻗﺘﻲ.ﺍﺳﺖﻛﺮﺩﻩﺳﺮﻛﻮﺏﻭﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩﺭﺍ
ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺟﺎﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ،ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩﭘﺲ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺩﺁﮔﺎﻩ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺩﺭ
ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﭘﺲ .ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪﻣﻲ
ﻭ ﻧﺸﺪﻩﺣﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻟﻲ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺭﺍﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ
ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﺍﻳﻦ.ﺍﺳﺖﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺑﻌﺪﻱﻛﺎﺭﻳﺎﺟﺪﻳﺪﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﺩﺭﻭﻛﺮﺩﻩﺭﻫﺎﻧﺎﻗﺺ
ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﻫﺎﻳﻲﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ،18
ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ
ﻛﻪﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲﺗﺎﻭﺭﻭﺩﻣﻲﻧﺸﺪﻩﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞﻫﺎﻱﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖﺍﻳﻦﺳﺮﺍﻍﺑﻪﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩﺍﻭ.ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻣﻲﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ
.ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺒﻨﺪﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻜﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ
ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ،ﭘﺮﻟﺰ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﻪ
.ﻳﺎﺑﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻤﻴﻦﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﻦﻣﻬﻢ ﺳﭙﺲ ،ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲ
ﻱﮔﻮﻧﻪﺑﻪ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﻣﺎ .ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﭘﺲ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻧﻤﻲ ﺳﺮﭘﺸﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ .ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ
ﻭ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻣﻲ ﭘﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ
.ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﺣﺎﻃﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ،ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ
،ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ
ﺭﺍ ﺍﺵﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ،ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﻱﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ،ﺑﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻪﺗﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ
ﻛﻨﺪ؟ﻣﻲ ﭼﻪ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﭘﺲ .ﻓﺮﺳﺎﻳﺪﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ
ﻗﻮﻱ ،ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﻪﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ .ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ
،ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻧﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺣﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ،ﺑﺎﺷﺪ
ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﭘﺲ.ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑﺍﺵﻛﻨﻮﻧﻲﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖﺑﻪﺍﻭﺣﻮﺍﺱﻭﺍﻧﺮژﻱ
ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ؟ ﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ
ﻫﺎﺁﺳﻴﺐﻭﺩﺍﺭﺩﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲﻧﻘﺶ،ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲﻛﻪﻛﺎﺭﻱﺑﻪﻧﺴﺒﺖﻃﺮﺍﺡﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻭﻧﮕﺎﻩﻧﻮﻉ،ﭘﺮﺳﺶﺍﻳﻦ
،ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻱﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﮕﺎﺗﻨﮓ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ
.ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﻣﻮﺭﺩ
ﺍﺳﺖ؟ ﻫﻨﺮ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺁﻳﺎ
ﻳﻚ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻨﻲﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺯ
ﺗﺼﻮﺭﺑﺎﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﺍﺯﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ.ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺩﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵﺧﺪﻣﺖﺩﺭﺻﺮﻓﺎﻳﺎﺍﺳﺖﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ
ﻱﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲﺷﺨﺼﻲﺑﻴﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱﺗﺎﺯﻱﻳﻜﻪﺑﺮﺍﻱﺍﻱﻋﺮﺻﻪﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ
ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ،ﻫﺎﺳﺖﺁﻥ
ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺿﻲ ،ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ ﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺩﻫﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩﺑﺎﺯﻣﻲ
ﺑﺮﺍﻱﺍﻱﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻛﻪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﻛﺎﺭﺍﻥﻫﻢﻋﻤﻮﻡﺫﻫﻦﺩﺭﻣﻌﻨﺎﺍﻳﻦﺟﺎﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻥ.ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
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.ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﻱﻭﻫﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺩﻫﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ
،ﻋﻤﻞ ﻱﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻱﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ،ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﮕﻲ
ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻫﺎﻱﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ
ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻜﻲﭼﻨﻴﻦﺍﺳﺎﺳﺎﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ.ﺍﺳﺖﺩﺷﻮﺍﺭﻱﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻣﺸﺨﺺﺭﺍﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲﻛﺎﺭﻳﻚﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﻲ
- 4. 302303
ﻛﻪﺍﺳﺖﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ،ﻛﺮﺩﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝﻭﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥﻫﺎﺁﻥﻣﻴﺎﻥﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻲﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪﻭﻧﻪﻳﺎﺍﺳﺖﺩﺭﺳﺖ
ﻫﺎﻱﺷﻴﻮﻩ،ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉﺍﻳﻦﺑﻪﺁﻧﺎﻥﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ.ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺭﺩﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﺩﺭﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ
ﺟﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺎﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺳﻮﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ
ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﻱﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ .ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺗﻮﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﺸﻲ ،ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ .ﺩﻫﺪﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲ
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.ﺍﺳﺖﻧﻮﺳﺎﻥﺩﺭﺷﻬﻮﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱﺟﻬﺶﻭ()ﺍﺑﮋﻛﺘﻴﻮﻋﻴﻨﻲﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﺑﻴﻦﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏﺑﻪﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ
ﻧﻴﺴﺖﻳﻜﺴﺎﻥﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﻱﻫﻤﻪﻱﺷﺪﻩﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﺐﻭﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪﻗﻄﺐﻫﺎﻱﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ
ﺭﺍﻃﺮﺍﺡ،ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒﻫﺎﻱﮔﻴﺮﻱﺟﻬﺖﺑﺎﻫﺮﻛﺪﺍﻡﻛﻪﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱﺍﻳﻦﻛﺮﺩﻥﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﻱﻧﺤﻮﻩﻭ
ﺍﺵﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱﻧﻴﺮﻭﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦﺑﻪﺑﺴﺘﻪ.ﺍﺳﺖﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ،ﻛﺸﻨﺪﻣﻲﭼﺎﻟﺶﺑﻪ
ﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ،ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ
ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ «ِ»ﻣﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ .ﻛﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ
ﻗﻄﺐ ،ﺷﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﻢ ﺁﻥ ﻱﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻟﺠﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻏﺮﺍﻳﺰﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ
ﻱﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻧﻔﻲﻭﺩﺍﺭﺧﻮﻳﺸﺘﻦ،ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝﺑﺨﺶﺑﺎﺍﮔﺮﺍﻣﺎ،ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲﺣﺎﻛﻢﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉﺑﺮﺍﺵﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ
ﺩﻭﻗﻄﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ،ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ .ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻭ ﻱﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ،ﺑﺮﺳﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ
ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖﺗﻮﺍﻥﻣﻲﺭﺍﻫﻨﺮﻱﺍﺛﺮ،ﻛﻮﻫﺎﺕﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩﺍﺯ.ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﺣﻀﻮﺭﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲﻫﺎﻱﺷﺪﺕﺑﺎ،ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ
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.ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﺍﻭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺑﻠﻨﺪﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ،«»ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ
،ﻛﺸﻴﺪﻣﻲ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﻫﺎﻱﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻳﺶﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ ﻫﺎﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﻪ 22
ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺴﻜﻮ
ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺁﺷﻮﺑﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺮﺷﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻧﻤﻲ
ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺪﻣﻲ (ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺍ
ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻫﻢ ﻧﻈﺮ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻱﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢﻣﻲ ﻫﺎﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﻳﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻭ .ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﺭﻫﺎ
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.ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ
،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺵﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﮔﺮ
ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺁﻥ ﻭﻟﻲ ،ﺑﺒﺨﺸﺪ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﻲ
ﻣﻬﺮ ﻛﻮﺑﻴﺪﻥ ﻱﺗﺸﻨﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩ؟ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ ﭼﻪ ،ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ
ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻪ 24
،ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﺎﺏ ﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ «»ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ
ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺵﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱﺑﻠﻨﺪﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺁﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﻜﻨﻨﺪ؟
ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﺎﻱﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﻭ ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺁﻳﺎ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ؟ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺵ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ
ﺍﺵ«»ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺁﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺪ؟ﻣﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ (ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﻥ ﺣﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ)ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ
ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻫﺎﺍﻳﻦ 25
ﺑﺒﺨﺸﺪ؟ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ
.ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻭﺍﻣﻲ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ
ﻭﭘﺎﺩﺳﺖﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲﮔﺮﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞﻭﺧﻮﺩﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱﻣﻴﺎﻥﺩﺭﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﺍﺯﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ
ﺑﻪﻫﻢﻭﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵﺑﻪﻫﻢ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲﺍﺛﺮﺑﻪﻫﻢ،ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻨﺪﻣﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐﺧﻮﺩﺑﻪﻫﻢﺁﻧﺎﻥ.ﺯﻧﻨﺪﻣﻲ
ﺑﺨﺸﻨﺪﻣﻲﺷﺪﺕﭼﻨﺎﻥﺁﻥﺭﺍﺧﻮﺩﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲﺯﻳﺒﺎﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﺍﺯﺑﺮﺧﻲ.ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ
ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻭﺭﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ .ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﻮﺭﺑﻪ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻥﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ
.ﻛﺮﺩ ﺳﺮﺩﺭﮔﻢ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺞ ،ﺩﺭﻙ ﻏﻴﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻭ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻃﻠﺐﺭﺍﺣﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ
ﻣﺠﻼﺕ ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﻋﺠﻴﺐ ﻫﺎﻱﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ
ﺑﻜﻨﻨﺪ؛ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻘﻼ ﻭ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺎﻱﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ،ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﻭ
ﺁﻧﺎﻥ.ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪﻫﺎﺁﻥﺍﺯﺭﺍﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻡﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪﻣﻲﻳﺎﻭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﺭﺍﺁﻧﺎﻥﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪﻗﺼﺪﻛﻪﮔﻮﻳﻲ
ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻲﺗﻤﺎﻳﻼﺕﻭﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻣﻲﻧﺎﺩﻳﺪﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲﻛﻪﺭﺍﺍﺛﺮﻱﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ
ﺑﻪﻣﺘﻦ،ﻣﺠﻠﻪﻳﺎﻛﺘﺎﺏﻱﺷﺪﻩﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕﺩﺭ.ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺁﻥﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦﺭﺍﺧﻮﺩﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ
،ﻃﺮﺍﺡ«ِ»ﻣﻦﻓﻘﻂ،ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞﺭﺍﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲﭘﻴﺎﻡﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺳﺖﻛﻪﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮﺩﺭﻭﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ
ﺧﻼﺻﻪﻃﺮﺍﺡﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖﻭﺍﺭﺍﺩﻩﺩﺭﻓﻘﻂﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻛﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲﺁﻥﺍﺯﺍﻣﺎ.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ
ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭ ،ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ،ﺷﻮﺩﻧﻤﻲ
ﺩﻫﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻫﺎﻱﻛﻨﺶ ،ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ
ﺍﺭﺿﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﺸﻴﻨﻲﻋﻘﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺭﻭﺑﻪ
ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ
ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ،ﺩﻭﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺮ ﺩﺭ .ﻛﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﻙ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ،ﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ ﺣﻞ ﺟﺎﻱﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻜﺸﺪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ
ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺟﺎﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ .ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ،ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻧﻤﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ .ﺩﻫﺪﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺎﻱﺿﺮﺑﻪ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ ،ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ
ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻡ ،ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﺎ ،ﺟﻠﺪ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ،ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﺭ
ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺷﻮﺩ؛ﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ «ِﺩ»ﺧﻮ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﮔﺰﻳﺮ ﻭ ،ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻣﻲ
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ،ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺲ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺧﺪﺷﻪ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﺵ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﻭ
ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺭﺍﺧﻮﺩ 26
ﺭﻧﺠﻮﺭﻱﺭﻭﺍﻥﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱﺷﻜﻞﺑﻪ،ﺧﻮﺩﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥﻭﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝﺣﻔﻆ
ﺑﻠﻌﻴﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ .ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ
ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻭ ،27
(ﻓﻜﻨﻲ)ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ
ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻱﻋﻘﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ .ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺘﺎ
ﻣﻤﻜﻦ (ﺷﺪ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ )ﻛﻪ ﻓﻜﻨﻲﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺎﻱﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ،ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯﻧﺸﺪﻩ
ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺗﻲ ﺍﻭ .ﺩﻫﺪ ﺳﻮﻕ 28
ﻓﺮﺍﻓﻜﻨﻲ ﺳﻮﻱﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ
.ﺩﻫﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻱﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ
- 5. 304305
ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﺪﺕ
ﻭ ﻏﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺗﻤﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﮔﺮ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﺵﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻭ
ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﺭﺍﻫﻲ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ،ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺵﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ
ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺍﺵﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎ
،ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺵﺧﺸﻢ ﺩﺍﺩﻥﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻱﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻓﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﺮﺍﺳﺮ ﺧﺸﻢ ،ﺑﺪﻫﺪ
ﻛﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ 29
.(ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ )ﺧﺸﻢ ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻓﺮﻭﻣﻲ ﺭﺍﺁﻥ
ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩﻣﻲ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ،ﺷﻮﺩﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﺭﺑﻪ
ﺧﻮﺩﻱﺑﻪﺧﻮﺩﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺩﺍﺩﻥﻧﺸﺎﻥﺑﺮﺍﻱﺭﺍﺍﻭﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱﻭﺍﻧﺮژﻱﻛﻪﻃﻮﺭﻱﺑﻪﻛﻨﺪ؛ﻣﻲﺑﺴﺘﻪﻭﺳﺨﺖ
.ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞﺑﻪ ،ﺑﻮﺩ ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺩﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ
ﺗﻨﺎﻗﻀﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ،ﺍﺳﺖ 30
ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﺎﻝ ًﺎﺫﺍﺗ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢﻣﻲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﭘﺲ
ﻭ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ
ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺩﻫﺪ؛ﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ
ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻃﺮﺍﺡ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺳﺮﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﻗﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻫﻲ
ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺭﻭﺑﻪ ﺍﺵﻩﺩﻫﻨﺪﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﺎ ،ﺑﺪﻫﺪ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ
ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺲ .ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ،ﺑﻜﺸﺪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ
ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ ﺣﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ؟ ﻭﺻﻞ ﻫﻢﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﻮﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ
ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﺍﺵﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻱﮔﻮﻧﻪﺑﻪ ﺩﻫﺪ؛ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺎﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍ «»ﺧﻮﺩ
ﺷﻮﺩ؟ﺑﺮﻃﺮﻑﺍﺵﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ
ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺣﻞ ،ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ
ﭼﻮﻥﻫﻢ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻱﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺣﻠﻲﺭﺍﻩ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻱﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ
ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻛﺎﺭ،ﻣﻦﺑﺮﺍﻱ.ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲﺳﻴﺮﺍﺏﺭﺍﺷﺎﻥﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪﻗﻄﺐﺷﺎﻥﺧﻼﻗﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱﺍﻳﺪﻩ
ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻗﻴﺖ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺣﻞ
،ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ....ﻛﻨﻢ ﺣﻞ
ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪﻓﻲ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﺧﻮﺍﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ .ﺍﻧﺪﺧﻮﺩﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻧﻪ
ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ 31
.ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺒﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻦ
ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺵﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﺷﺪﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ
ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﺧﻮﺩﻡﺍﺯﺑﺎﻳﺪ،ﻛﻨﻢﻣﻲﻗﺒﻮﻝﺭﺍﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵﻛﻪﺍﻱﻟﺤﻈﻪﺍﺯﻣﻦ.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲﺭﻫﺎ،ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ
32
.ﻛﻨﻢﻣﻲﺍﺟﺮﺍﻛﺎﺭﺁﻥﺭﻭﻱ،ﺩﺍﺭﻡﺩﻭﺳﺖﺭﺍﻓﺮﻡﻓﻼﻥﻳﺎﺭﻧﮓﻓﻼﻥﭼﻮﻥﺑﮕﻮﻳﻢﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢﻧﻤﻲ.ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻡ
ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﻱﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ «»ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻭ «»ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻴﻦ ،ﻃﺮﺍﺡ
ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﺎﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻣﺮﺯﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺳﺖﺭﻭﺑﻪ
ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ ،ﺧﻴﺰﺩﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ .ﻛﻨﺪ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺷﺪﻥﻣﺨﺪﻭﺵ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ
ﻛﻪﺁﻥﺟﺎﻱﺑﻪﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﺍﺯﺩﺳﺘﻪﺍﻳﻦ33
.ﻧﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﻨﺮﻱﺍﺛﺮﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺑﻪﻗﺎﺋﻞﻣﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ...ﺩﻝ
ﻧﻈﻴﺮﻱﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ،ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﻮﺩﻥﺧﺎﺹ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺩﺭﭘﻲ
ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ .ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﮔﺬﺍﺭﻭﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻱﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ
ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪﺭﺍﭘﺮﻭژﻩﻫﺮ.ﺍﺳﺖﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁﻱﺣﻴﻄﻪﺩﺭﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞﺣﻞﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ
ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﻱﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ،ﺗﺎﻳﭗ ،ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ،ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻱﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪ
ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻨﺮ ﻱﺯﺍﻭﻳﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺩﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ...ﺩﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﻴﻦ
ﻛﻦﺣﻞﻣﺴﺎﻟﻪﻳﻚﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻨﺮ.ﺍﺳﺖﺯﻳﺎﺩﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻛﻨﺪﻧﮕﺎﻩﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﺑﻪﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡﺑﻪﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩﺍﺯ
ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻱﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻛﺎﺭ ،ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻧﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻛﻪﺩﺭﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ...ﺍﺳﺖ
ﺩﺭ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻪ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻟﺬﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺝ ﻱﻧﻘﻄﻪ ...ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢﻣﻲ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ
34
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻓﺎﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ،ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻟﺬﺕ
ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﺳﻤﺖﺑﻪﺷﺎﻥﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲﺁﺛﺎﺭﺩﺭﻓﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﺍﺯﺭﺍﺧﻮﺩﺗﻮﺟﻪﻛﻪﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻧﻲ
ﺑﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﻣﻲﺑﺮ ﻫﺎﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ «»ﺑﺴﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﮔﺎﻡ ،ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﺁﻥ
ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻨﺮ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ .ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻱﭘﺮﻭژﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ
ﻛﻨﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ .ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﺭﺍﺁﻥ ﻱﺑﻴﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﻫﻲﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ
ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻱﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻨﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ .ﺍﻓﺘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻢ
ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕﻛﻪﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖﺑﺪﺍﻥﺍﻳﻦ.ﺷﻮﺩﺩﺍﺩﻩﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﻭﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞﻱﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪﺑﻪﺑﺼﺮﻱ
ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪ ﻱﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺼﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ
ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ .ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ،ﺁﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻱﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺍﺛﺮ ﻛﻤﭙﻮﺯﻳﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ
ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﺮﻱﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦ ،()ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻱﻓﺮﺳﺘﻨﺪﻩـﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺩﺭ ،ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ
ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻫﺪﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺣﺪﻳﺚ ﻣﺜﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺭﻣﺎﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ
ﻱﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﻢﻣﻲ 35
.ﻭﺭﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻱﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻣﻨﺤﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ
ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻱﺧﻼﻗﺎﻧﻪ ﻱﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ
ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ .ﺑﺒﻨﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﺁﻥ
ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ ،ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ .ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ
ﻧﻈﺮﺑﻪ .ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ
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ﺍﮔﺮ .ﺍﺳﺖ 36
ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ ،ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻱﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻲ ﭘﺮﻟﺰ
ﺁﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ
ﺩﺭﺍﻭﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﺩﺭﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﻭﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲﺑﺎﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ،ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭﻛﻨﺪﺭﺍﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ
.ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻗﺮﺍﺭﻣﻲﮔﺴﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲﻭﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﻣﻌﺮﺽ
ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻱﻳﺎﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵﻧﻈﺮﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦﻱﺑﻬﺎﻧﻪﺑﻪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﻛﻪﻧﻴﺴﺖﻣﻌﻨﺎﺑﺪﻳﻦﻫﺎﺍﻳﻦﻱﻫﻤﻪ
ﺟﺎﻱﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺸﻮﻳﺪ «»ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺖ ،ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻭ
ﺧﻮﺩﻫﻨﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﺑﻴﻦﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺲﺑﺮﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲﺍﻭ.ﻛﻨﺪﻓﺮﺍﺭﺁﻥﺍﺯ،ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﺑﺎﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ
ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺟﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻭ 37
.ﺑﺰﻧﺪ ﭘﻞ ،ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻱﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭ
ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺳﺒﻚ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ
.ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ
ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲﺯﻳﺒﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ
ﻫﻤﺖ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ
ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺧﻮﺩﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻏﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺮﻓﺎ ﻧﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﻱﻗﻮﻩ ،ﮔﻤﺎﺭﺩﻣﻲ
ﺑﺎﺷﺪﺁﻥﺑﺎﻳﺪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﺍﻫﺎﻟﻲﻫﺪﻑ.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲﻭﺟﻮﺟﺴﺖﻣﺨﺎﻃﺐﺑﻪﻣﺸﺨﺺﭘﻴﺎﻣﻲﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝﺩﺭ
ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺣﺎﻝﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺎ ،ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺎﺣﺪ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ
ﺩﺭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ...ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻗﺘﻀﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺷﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺣﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ
ﭼﻨﻴﻦﺑﺎﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ38
.ﺍﺳﺖﺩﺍﺩﻩﻗﺮﺍﺭﺁﻧﺎﻥﺭﻭﻱﭘﻴﺶﺭﺍﺟﺬﺍﺏﭼﺎﻟﺸﻲﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻛﺎﺭ
ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ .ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ «»ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻲ
ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻮﻇﻒ ﻣﻦ .ﻛﻨﺪ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ
ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻱﺣﺲ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ...ﺑﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺩﺭﺳﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻱ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭ ،ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ
39
.ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ
ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻧﻲ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ
ﺍﺯ ﺣﻜﺎﻳﺖ ،ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻧﻜﻨﻨﺪ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻳﻚ
ﺧﻮﺩﻱﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲﺷﺨﺼﻲﺑﻴﺎﻥﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥﺍﻭﻭﻗﺘﻲ.ﺩﺍﺭﺩﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﻱﺭﺷﺪﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ
ﺭﺍﺧﻮﺩﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱﺟﻮﺷﺶﺟﻠﻮﻱ،ﺑﻴﻨﺪﻧﻤﻲﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲﺍﺛﺮﻱﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏﺩﺭﺭﺍ
ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻭ .ﺷﻮﺩ ﺳﺮﺭﻳﺰ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺩﻣﻲ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻧﻤﻲ ﻣﺴﺪﻭﺩ
ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﻄﺐ ﺁﻣﻴﺨﺘﻦ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺩﺳﺖﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺁﻥ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ
.ﺑﺴﺎﺯﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺵﺧﺎﺹ «ِﺩ»ﺧﻮ ،ﺍﺵﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺵﺷﺪﻩ
ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ
ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ ،ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ
ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﺍﻭﻟﻮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ (ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺯﻳﺒﺎ )ﺧﻮﺩﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮﻱ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺍﮔﺮ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩ
ﻧﺎﭼﺎﺭﻭﻳﺎﻓﺖﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵﺑﺎﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡﭼﺎﻟﺸﻲﺩﺭﺭﺍﺧﻮﺩ،ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ
ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ،ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ .ﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﻛﺎﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ
ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ .ﺩﺍﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ
ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ،ﻛﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺳﻮﻱﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﺍﺭﻩ
ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﮔﺮ .ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﺎﺯ ،ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺫﻫﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ
ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺷﺪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ،ﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ
ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﺍﮔﺮﺍﻣﺎ.ﺩﺍﺩﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪﺳﻮﻕﺭﻧﺠﻮﺭﻱﺭﻭﺍﻥﺳﻤﺖﺑﻪﺭﺍﺍﻭ،ﺁﻥﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ
ﺭﺍ ﺍﺵﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﻛﻨﺶ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻱﻣﺮﺗﺒﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ
ﻫﺎﻱﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺵﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺟﻮﺷﺶ ﻭ ،ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺣﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻘﻂ
ﻭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻲ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ،ﻛﻨﺪ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ
.ﺷﺪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺻﺮﻑ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺵﺍﻧﺮژﻱ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ
ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ
.ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻭ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩﻧﮕﻪ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ
- 7. 308309
:ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
:ﻫﺎﻛﺘﺎﺏ
ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ،ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ -
1377 ،ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ،ﺩﻭﻡ ﭼﺎپ ،ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻧﺸﺮ ،ﺳﺎﻋﺘﭽﻲ
ﻱﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ،ﺷﻮﻟﺘﺲ ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ،ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﺭﻭﺍﻥ -
،ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ،ﺷﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﭼﺎپ ،ﭘﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺮ ،ﺧﻮﺷﺪﻝ ﮔﻴﺘﻲ
.1388
ﻱﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ،ﺷﻴﻠﻴﻨﮓﻟﻮﺋﻴﻦ،ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ-
،ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ،ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺁﺭﻳﻦ ﺧﺪﻳﺠﻪ ﺳﻴﺪﻩ
.1374
ﻭ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ،ﺑﻜﻮﻻ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭﻭ ،ﻣﺪﺭﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﻨﺮ -
،ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ،ﭘﺎﻛﺒﺎﺯﺭﻭﻳﻴﻦﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﻱ
.1387 ،ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ،ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﭼﺎپ
:ﻫﺎﻣﺠﻠﻪ
.1386 ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ،4 ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺧﻴﺎﻝ ﻱﺁﻳﻨﻪ -
ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ 1387 ﺗﻴﺮ ،30 ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺟﻬﺖ -
.1387 ﺁﺑﺎﻥ ،32
ﻭ 1386 ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ،19 ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ -
.1387 ﺁﺑﺎﻥ ،26 ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ
ﺯﻳﺮﻧﻮﻳﺲ
ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ :ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ .1
.ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺍﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﺯ
ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ،ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻱﻭﺍژﻩ :(Gestalt) ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ .2
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺿﻤﻨﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ
ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ،ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻧﺎﺕ ،ﺟﺴﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﻛﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ :ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ .3
ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺎﺍﻳﻦ ﻱﻫﻤﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻛﺎﺕ ﻭ
.ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﻲﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞﺭﺍﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ
ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻱﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ :(pathology) ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐ .4
،ﻓﺮﺩﻱﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ،ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ .ﺳﺎﻣﺎﻥﻧﺎﺑﻪ
ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻱﺣﻴﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ .ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ
ﺑﺎ ﭼﺎﻟﺶ ﺩﺭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺩﻱﺩﺭﻭﻥ
ﻓﺮﺩﻱﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻱﺣﻴﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ .ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ
ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ
ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ،ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺭﺟﻮﻉﺍﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﻫﺎﻱﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺵﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮﺍﻧﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ
ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ،ﻓﺮﺍﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﻱﺣﻴﻄﻪ ﺩﺭ .ﮔﺮﺩﺩﻣﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ
ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺁﺳﻴﺐﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪﺍﺵﺷﻐﻞﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﺎﻝﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖﺧﺎﻃﺮﺑﻪﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺡﻛﻪ
.ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ
ﻱﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻱﻭﺍژﻩ ،ﻧﻈﺮﺍﻥﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ :ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ .5
ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ،«»ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻳﻲﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﺩﺍﻧﻨﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﻲ
ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭ ،ﮔﻴﺮﺩﺩﺭﺑﺮﻣﻲ ﻫﻢ ﺭﺍ design ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ drawing ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺗﺮ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺬﺍ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻩ
ﻫﺎﻱﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻱﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺑﻪ :ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻱﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ .6
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ
.ﺁﻭﺭﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺩﺳﺖﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻱﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻫﺎﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺳﭙﺲ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ
،ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺮﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻱﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺪﺭﭼﻪ ﻫﺮ ،ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻱﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ
ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻭ ﻫﺎﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻣﺜﻼ .ﺑﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺗﺮﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻱﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ
،ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ
ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻐﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻧﻲ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢﻣﻲ ﺍﻭﻝ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ
«ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﺻﻨﻔﻲ»ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦﻋﻀﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥﻱﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺑﻪ،ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ
ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﺎﻫﻞ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍﺁﻥ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢﻣﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ ﮔﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ .ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ
ﻃﻮﺭﺑﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﻱﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ
.ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﻲ
ﺩﻻﻟﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﻱﻭﺍژﻩ ﭘﺮﻟﺰ :(Gestalt therapy) ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ .7
ﺑﻪ ﺍﻱﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺮ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺸﺮ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ
ﻛﻤﺎﻝ )ﺑﻪ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ،ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ
ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ،ﺑﮕﺴﻠﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ (ﮔﺮﺍﻳﻴﺪﻥ
.ﺍﺳﺖ (ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ )ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺗﺮﺩﻳﺪﺑﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻣﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ
ﻳﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ :(Graphic design) ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ .8
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﻪﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﻳﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻐﻞ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ :()ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ .9
ﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﺎ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻣﻲ ﻫﻢﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﻯﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﻣﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ
.ﮔﺮﺩﺩﻣﻲ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺠﺪﺩﺍ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ
ﺯﻳﮕﻤﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ 1915 ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ :ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ «ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ »ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ .10
ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ «»ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﻪ ،ﺍﻟﮕﻮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ .ﺷﺪ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ (Sigmund Freud) ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ
«»ﻧﻬﺎﺩ .(Super-ego) «ﺮﻣﻦَﺑ»ﺍ ﻭ (ego) «»ﻣﻦ ،(id) «»ﻧﻬﺎﺩ :ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻖ
.ﺳﺮﺷﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ ،ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺪﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ،ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺛﻲ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻫﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ
ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ،ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻏﺮﺍﻳﺰ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ ،ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ
ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ «»ﻧﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ «»ﻣﻦ
ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻴﺖ ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ـ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺟﺎﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺎﺁﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻪ – ﺭﺍ «ﺮﻣﻦَﺑ»ﺍ
،ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻱﻫﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ «ﺮﻣﻦَﺑﺍ » ﻭ «»ﻧﻬﺎﺩ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ
ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺗﺤﺖ«»ﻧﻬﺎﺩ.ﺍﻧﺪﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺮﺩﻭ:ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙﻧﻜﺘﻪﻳﻚﺩﺭ
ﺣﺎﻝ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﭼﻪﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺩﺭ «ﺮﻣﻦَﺑ»ﺍ ﻭ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺭﺛﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ
ـﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺘﺮﻗﺒﻪ ﺭﻭﻳﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻌﻨﻲـ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻱﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎ ﺭﺍ «»ﻣﻦ ،ﻛﻪﺁﻥ
.ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲﻣﺸﺨﺺ
.ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻜﺎﻭ (Heinz Kohut) :ﻛﻮﻫﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻳﻨﺰ .11
.ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ (Fritz perls) :ﭘﺮﻟﺰ ﻓﺮﻳﺘﺲ .12
ﻫﻢ ،ﺷﺨﺺ ﭼﻮﻥ (organism-environmental) :ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲـﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻲ .13
،ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ،ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ
ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ .ﺑﺎﺷﺪﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ
.ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻣﻲﺭﺍﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ـﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻲﻭﺣﺪﺕﻧﻮﻋﻲﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ،ﺍﻭ
،ﭘﺎﻛﺒﺎﺯ ﺭﻭﻳﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ،ﻣﺪﺭﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﻨﺮ ،ﺑﻜﻮﻻ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭﻭ .14
.10 ﺹ ،1387 ،ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ،ﻧﺨﺴﺖ ﭼﺎپ ،ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ
.231 ﺹ ،ﻫﻤﺎﻥ .15
،ﻛﻨﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﻟﺰﻭﻣﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﻱﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ :ﺳﺎﺋﻖ .16
ﺭﺳﺎﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ ،ﺁﻳﺪﻣﻲ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻃﻮﺭﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ
ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﻱﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻱﻫﻤﻪ ﻱﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻱﻧﺎﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻛﻪ
ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﻫﺎﺳﺎﺋﻖ ،ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ ﻱﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩﺑﻪ .ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻭ .ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ
ﻳﺎ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﺯ .ﺍﻧﺪﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ
ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻱﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻫﺎﻱﺗﻨﺶ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺎﺍﻧﮕﻴﺨﺘﮕﻲ ﻱﻧﺎﺁﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ
ﻭ ﺁﻳﺪﻣﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪ ،ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ
ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻖ ،ﭘﺮﻟﺰ ﻓﺮﻳﺘﺲ ،ﻓﺮﻭﻳﺪ ﺑﺮﺧﻼﻑ .ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻱﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ ﺭﺍﻩ ﭘﻲ ﺩﺭ
ﻣﺎ ﻱﻫﻤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻳﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻭ .ﺩﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻫﺎﻱﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ
،ﻧﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺭﺿﺎ ﺗﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﻢﻣﻲ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺳﺮﺍﻍ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺴﺖ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻫﺎﻱﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ
ﺳﭙﺲ .ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻱﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ،ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺗﺮﻳﻦﻗﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻳﻦﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺭﻱ
.ﻳﺎﺑﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻫﻤﻴﻦﺑﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﻦﻣﻬﻢ
.231 ﺹ ،ﻫﻤﺎﻥ .17
ﻧﺎﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺎ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ :ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻟﺖ .18
ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ
ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ،20ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻱﻣﺠﻠﻪ ،ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ،ﻣﺜﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺮﺷﻴﺪ .19
.1388
ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻱﻣﺠﻠﻪ ،ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ؟ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺯﻳﺒﺎ ﻫﻨﺮ :ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ،ﻓﺮﺍﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺧﻪ .20
.1386 ﺑﻬﺎﺭ ،19 ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ
.11 ﺹ ،ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺑﻜﻮﻻ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭﻭ .21
ﭘﺲ ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﻱ (Francisco Goya - 1828-1746) :ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺴﻜﻮ .22
ﺍﺳﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺷﻲ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ،ﻛﺮﺩ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﺵﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻥﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ
ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺨﻴﻞ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩﺵ ﻗﻮﻝﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻓﺮﻳﻨﺶ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭ
.ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺍﺵﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺪﻣﻲ
.64 ﺹ ،ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ،ﺑﻜﻮﻻ ﺳﺎﻧﺪﺭﻭ .23
ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺧﻴﺎﻝ ﻱﺁﻳﻨﻪ ﻱﻣﺠﻠﻪ ،ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻃﺎﻭﻭﺱ ﺍﻓﺴﻮﻥ ،ﺍﺩﻳﺒﻲ ﻓﺮﺯﺍﺩ .24
ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﻳﺒﻲ ﻓﺮﺯﺍﺩ ،ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ .1386 ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ،4
ﺗﺎﺏ ﻛﻪﻧﺴﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﺖ؛ ﺗﻮﺍﻥﻧﻤﻲ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻫﺎ :ﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ
.ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩﻣﺴﺘﻮﺭﻱ
ﺍﺵﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭼﻪﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﭘﺮﻟﺰ :ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ .25
ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺘﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭﻱ .ﻣﺎﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﺩ ،ﺑﻜﻮﺷﻴﻢ
ﮔﺮﭼﻴﺮﻩ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ .ﺍﻳﻢﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﺣﺲ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ،ﻛﻨﻴﻢﻣﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ
ﻣﺎ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩﻣﻲ ﻭﺍ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ،ﺷﺪﻩ ﺁﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻗﻄﺐ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻤﺎﻥ
ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚﻫﻴﭻ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ .ﻛﻨﻴﻢﻣﻲ ﻧﻔﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ
ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ،ﺍﻓﻜﻨﻨﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺑﻪ ﻭ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻧﺪﻧﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﺑﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻱﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ
.ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻣﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻥﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﻱﻫﻤﻪ
ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻴﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ :ﺭﻧﺠﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ .26
ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺭﻧﺠﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ،ﭘﺮﻟﺰ .ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ،ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ
.ﺩﺍﻧﺪﻣﻲﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ
ﻭ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻋﻘﺎﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻠﻌﻴﺪﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ :ﻓﻜﻨﻲ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ .27
.ﮔﻴﺮﺩﻣﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻱﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪ ﻱﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺑﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﺎﺁﻥ ﺟﺬﺏ
)ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻦ ﻣﺴﻮﻭﻝ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ :ﻓﺮﺍﻓﻜﻨﻲ .28
ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﻲ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪﻣﻲ (ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ
.ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻱﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺎ ،ﺍﺳﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪ ﻓﺮﺩ
ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺪﻑ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﺑﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺷﺨﺺ :ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻄﻮﻑ ﺧﺸﻢ .29
ﺑﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺧﺸﻢ ﻛﻪﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻱﺑﻪ ًﻼﻣﺜ .ﻛﻨﺪﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﻴﻦ ،ﺷﺨﺼﻲ
.ﺳﺎﺯﺩﻣﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺭﺍﺁﻥ ،ﺩﻫﺪ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ
ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﺩ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻱﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ :(paradoxical) ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﺎﻝ .30
ﺷﺪﻩﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺩﻭﻛﺴﻴﻜﺎﻝ ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ،ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ .ﺩﺍﺭﺩ
ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚﻃﺮﺍﺣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻮﺩﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩﺳﻔﺎﺭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﺣﻞ ﺩﺭ
.ﺷﻮﻧﺪﭼﺎﻟﺶ
،19ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻱﻣﺠﻠﻪ ،ﻣﻦ ﺩﻳﺰﺍﻳﻦﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ﻱﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ،ﺩﻳﺴﻜﻪ .31
.1386 ﺑﻬﺎﺭ
.1387 ﺁﺑﺎﻥ ،32 ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺟﻬﺖ ﻱﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ،ﺍﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺝ .32
ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺑﻪ ،«ﻣﺎﻩ »ﻃﻠﻮﻉ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﻱﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻭﮔﻮﮔﻔﺖ ،ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ .33
.1387 ﺗﻴﺮ ،30 ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻱﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ
،26ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻱﻣﺠﻠﻪ ،ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺕ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺍﻓﻴﻚ ،ﻣﺜﻘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺮﺷﻴﺪ .34
.1387ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ
.ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻓﺮﺍﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺭﺧﻪ .35
،ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻱﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻜﻲ ﭘﺮﻟﺰ ﻧﻈﺮﺑﻪ :ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ .36
.ﺍﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﻛﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ
.1387ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ ،26ﻱﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ﻱﻣﺠﻠﻪ ،ﻣﺎﺗﻴﻮﺳﺮ .37
.ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻓﺮﺍﺳﻜﺎﺭﺍ ،ﺧﻮﺭﺧﻪ .38
.ﻫﻤﺎﻥ،ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢ.39