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By Ali Paton

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<ul><li>The kingdom Protoctista is defined by exclusion. </li></ul><ul><li>The members of this kingdom are neither animals, plants, nor prokaryotes. </li></ul><ul><li>They comprise these eukaryotic microorganisms and their immediate descendants: </li></ul><ul><ul><li>all nucleated algae. (This includes sea-weeds) </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Water moulds which have flagella </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Slime moulds and slime nets </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>Protozoa </li></ul></ul>

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<ul><li>Characteristics of Protoctista </li></ul><ul><li> It is a very diverse group with remarkable variation in cell organisation, patterns of cell division and life cycle. </li></ul><ul><ul><li>All algae are autotrophs as they are able to photosynthesise. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>the other forms are heterotrophic. </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>However some change between being autotrophic and heterotrophic according to condition </li></ul></ul><ul><ul><li>most have mitochondria </li></ul></ul><ul><li>They are all thought to have developed from symbiosis (living together of two species to the advantage of both) </li></ul><ul><li>Protoctista can all be grouped together due to their organelle structure, e.g. the form of the membranous structures (cristae) of the mitochondria. </li></ul><ul><ul><li>In addition the differences in the pigments used for photosynthesis are used for classification. </li></ul></ul><ul><li>Protoctista are aquatic. </li></ul><ul><ul><li>They can make their habitat in salt water, freshwater, in moist soil, or within the moist tissues of others. </li></ul></ul>

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<ul><li>Laminaria hyperborea Plasmodium falciparium </li></ul>

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<ul><li>Amoeba Proteus Cercomonas </li></ul>