Interest in TAD has been direct towards: Socio economic and, Public Health impacts of these diseases with disregard to the welfare of the animals. Decision to initiate control efforts has always ben dictated by the impacts of these diseases to health and livelihoods. Disease causes pain to animals, which is a welfare issue that requires urgent addressing.

1. ANIMALWELFARE AND
TRANS-BOUNDARY
ANIMAL DISEASES
DR. SABUNI ZEPHANIA ALEX
NAROKCOUNTYGOVERNMENT

2. What is Animal Welfare
Physical and psychological state of an animal
as regards its attempt to cope with the
environment.
An animal's welfare is compromised if it does
not enjoy the five fundamental freedoms.

3. The Five (5) Freedoms
1. Freedom from hunger or thirst;
2. Freedom from thermal or physical
discomfort;
3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease;
4. Freedom from fear and distress and;
5. Freedom to indulge in normal behavior
patterns.

4. Trans-boundary Animal Diseases
(TADs)
Those epidemic diseases which are highly
contagious or transmissible and have the
potential for very rapid spread, irrespective of
national borders, causing serious socio-economic
and possibly public health consequences.
■ Animal welfare issues?? Freedom No. 3??

5. TADs
 Foot and Mouth Disease,
 Rinderpest,
 Contagious Bovine
Pleuropneumonia
 Sheep and Goat Pox,
 Peste des Petits Ruminants,
 Highly PathogenicAvian
Influenza,
 RiftValley Fever,
 Newcastle Disease,
 African and Classical Swine
Fever,
 Equine Encephalitidies,
 Rabies
 Brucellosis.

6. Introduction
■ Interest inTAD has been direct towards
– Socio economic and
– Public Health impacts of these diseases
with disregard to the welfare of the animals.
■ Decision to initiate control efforts has always
ben dictated by the impacts of these diseases to
health and livelihoods
■ Disease causes pain to animals

7. Disease and Pain (1)
Two key areas are responsible as the source of pain in animals:
disease, both infectious and non-infectious, and the
environment in which we house our livestock.
Pain in farm animals is typically assessed by changes in general
body functions, such as:
1. reduced food intake,
2. decreased production,
3. Lameness,
4. physiological response (e.g. increased heart rate);

8. Facial expression of Pain Sunken eyeball
https://www.nadis.org.uk/disease-a-z/cattle/pain-management-in-livestock/

9. Disease and pain (2)
i. Dull, depressed, lethargic demeanor
ii. Isolation, failure to graze with others in group
iii. Expiratory grunt, teeth grinding
iv. Inappetance, decreased rumination
v. Increased respiratory rate
vi. Increased vocalisation
vii. Increased sensitivity (hyperalgesia)
viii. Attention/licking at site of wound/lesion

10. Sheep and Goat Pox
FMD in
sheep
Photo Courtesy of
Stanley Komintai, Narok East
Photo Courtesy of
Lawrence Rono,
NarokWest

11. Lumpy
Skin
Disease
Photo courtesy of Mr.
Rono,Veterinary
Dept.,TransmaraWest)

12. Impacts ofTADs (1)
Threaten food security;
Escalation poverty levels in poor communities
that have a high dependence on livestock
farming for sustenance;
Major production losses for livestock products;
Increase cost of livestock production (costly
disease control measures);

13. Impacts ofTADs (2)
Disrupt or inhibit trade in livestock and
livestock products either within a country or
internationally;
Weaken public health (zoonoticTADs);
Environmental consequences through deaths
in wildlife populations;
Animal welfare problems in affected
animals.

14. Foot and Mouth Disease in Cattle

16. Prevention of cruelty to animals Act, Cap 360
Part II – Offences in relation to animals
3. Acts and omissions which amount to cruelty and
penalties therefore:
(1) A person shall be guilty of an offence of cruelty if
he—
(b) uses an animal which is so diseased, injured or in
such physical condition that it is unfit to be so used; or

17. Cap 360 cont..,
(f) being the owner of an animal, keeps it in a grossly dirty
or verminous condition or, without reasonable cause or
excuse, fails to procure or administer veterinary treatment
or attention for the animal in case of disease, injury or
delivery of young; or
(j) being the owner of any animal, fails to have it destroyed
where the animal is so seriously injured or diseased that to
prolong its life would cause it unnecessary suffering; or

18. Action toTADs threat
■ Protection of livestock is immediate objective. Farmers are
key here.
■ Initiatives applied include: surveillance, reporting and
initiating control measures
■ Control: vaccination, quarantine, chemoprophylaxis and
therapy, slaughter of infected or in-contact animals,
disinfection, vector control
■ Inter-regional and international reporting systems should
be put in place.Ward Officers, Private Practitioners, SCVO,
CDVS, DVS, OIE….

19. AnimalWelfare issues in Surveillance
i. Proper handling of
livestock
ii. Professionalism in
sample collection
iii. Collect appropriate
and adequate
sample
iv. Inflict minimal to no
pain
v. Safe procedures in
sample collection
vi. Appropriate sample
tests

20. AnimalWelfare in Disease
control
Proper timing of disease control activities
Appropriate animal restraint infrastructure
Safe vaccines (proper cold chain management)
Proper equipment (right size of needles, well
conditioned syringes)
Proper targeting and administration of veterinary
medicines and vaccines
Management -Proper diagnosis, right treatment; Pain
Management

22. Animal welfare in
Husbandry
a) Selection of appropriate breeds or strains of animals;
b) Adoption of appropriate animal husbandry practices
(to encourage the natural immunological defense of
animal to stimulate natural immunity and tolerance
to diseases;
c) Provision of good quality balanced feed;
d) Appropriate stocking densities;
e) Grazing rotation and management;

23. Conclusion (1)
■ Most people agree that animals have an intrinsic
value and an interest in being free from suffering. It
is our RESPONSIBILITY to ensure that we uphold
the wellbeing of animals whenever our activities
impact on them.
■ This means ensuring that they have access to fresh
water and a suitable diet, a suitable environment,
the ability to express natural behaviors, and to be
protected from suffering, fear, distress, pain, injury,
and disease.

24. Conclusion (2)
■ It is time to prioritize disease control as a sustainable way of
ensuring welfare of animals is not interfered with.
■ Effective disease control will go a long way in ensuring health
and welfare of animals is maintained.
■ The results are; improved human health, safeguarding of
livelihoods and improvement of living conditions in general.
■ Provision of knowledge and information is a more
sustainable way of ensuringAnimal welfare issues are
addressed at the right time to safeguard welfare of animals

25. THANKYOU FOR
LISTENING