A Presentation on Climate change, Its Causes and impacts

1. Aftab Hussain
Rukhsana Hussaini

3. 3
What is climate change?
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather
patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e.,
decades to millions of years). Climate change may refer to a change in
average weather conditions.

4. Why Climate Changes
•There are both natural and
anthropogenic reasons of climate
change .
•Anthropogenic activities the most
dominant with an ever increasing
trend since the industrial
revolution of 1940s.
•Population growth in developing
countries, which makes about 70%
of the comity of nations, has been
too high putting an increased
pressure on fixed natural resources
and the compensation of increased
demand for food and shelter
through better socio-economic
conditions.
Temperature records of meteorological observatories (1500-2900 masl) located in northern
mountains of Pakistan from 1961 to 2010. Last decade has shown a sharp rise. (Source: PMD

7. NATURAL ACTIVITIES
 Natural Factors which influence
Climate Change have remained
constant for centuries.
 Since 1750, the average amount of
energy coming from the sun either
remained constant or increased
slightly.
 If the warming were caused by a more
active sun, then scientists would
expect to see warmer temperatures in
all layers of the atmosphere. Instead,
they have observed a cooling in the
upper atmosphere, and a warming at
the surface and in the lower parts of
the atmosphere. That's because
greenhouse gasses are trapping heat in
the lower atmosphere.

9. FACTS &
EVIDENCES
•From 1880 to 2012, average global
temperature increased by 0.85°C.
•Oceans have warmed, the
amounts of snow and ice have
diminished and sea level has
risen. From 1901 to 2010, the global
average sea level rose by 19 cm as
oceans expanded due to warming
and ice melted. The Arctic’s sea ice
extent has shrunk in every
successive decade since 1979, with
1.07 million km² of ice loss every
decade
•Global emissions of carbon
dioxide (CO2) have increased by
almost 50 per cent since 1990
 Given current concentrations and on-
going emissions of greenhouse gases,
it is likely that by the end of this
century, the increase in global
temperature will exceed 1.5°C. The
world’s oceans will warm and ice melt
will continue. Average sea level rise is
predicted as 24 – 30cm by 2065 and 40-
63cm by 2100.
 Most aspects of climate change will
persist for many centuries even if
emissions are stopped.
 2014 was the hottest year on record
and 14 of the 15 warmest years on
record have all occurred in the 21st
century.

11. IPCC
•In 1988, UNEP and WMO jointly
established the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as
concern over climate change
became a political issue. The
purpose of the IPCC was to assess
the state of knowledge on the
various aspects of climate change
including science, environmental
and socio-economic impacts and
response strategies.
The IPCC is recognized as the most
authoritative scientific and
technical voice on climate change,
and its assessments had a profound
influence on the negotiators of the
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol.

12. Cop-21
• In 2015, France hosted 21st
Session of the Conference of the
Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention on
Climate Change (COP21),
otherwise known as “Paris
2015” from November 30th to
December 11th.
• The main aim of the conference
was to achieve a universal,
legally binding agreement on
combating climate change, with
the aim of keeping global
warming below 2°C.
• Another key objective was the
mobilization of $100 billion per
year pledged by developed
countries, from public and
private sources, from 2020.
 “Climate change does not respect borders, it
does not respect who you are – rich and poor,
small and big. Therefore this is what we call
global challenges which require global
solidarity.” Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General,
United Nations.
 Culminating a four-year negotiating round, the
new treaty ends the strict differentiation
between developed and developing countries
that characterized earlier efforts, replacing it
with a common framework that commits all
countries to put forward their best efforts and to
strengthen them in the years ahead.
 All parties were bounded to report regularly on
their emissions and implementation efforts, and
undergo international review.
 Call for a new mechanism, similar to the Clean
Development Mechanism under the Kyoto
Protocol, enabling emission reductions in one
country to be counted toward another country’s
NDC.

13. 13
• Climate determines the type and location of human-managed ecosystems, such
as agricultural farmlands.
• Climate affects the weathering of rock, the type of soil that forms, and the rate of
soil formation.
Why should we be interested in
climate change?

14. 14
• Climate helps to determine the quantity and quality of water available for human
use.
• Climate determines the severity of droughts, storms, and floods.
Why should we be interested in
climate change?

15. For Pakistani’s, Climate Change is no longer a distant
threat-we are already feeling and experiencing its
impacts across the country and the region.
Losses in the 2010 floods alone exceed US$ 9.6 billion.
Pakistan is signatory to all major UN climate change
conferences
Pakistan has an National Climate Change Policy.
Pakistan is considered one of the top ten
countries that are vulnerable to climate
change.

16. Pakistan Climate
Change and
Vulnerability.
As the rest of the world moves
towards cleaner and renewable
energy generation Pakistan is
looking towards an energy
generation future powered by coal.
The developments of sources
powered by renewable have been
small in Pakistan.
Pakistan aims is to add 8,100
megawatts of coal power to the
system….
Pakistan’s contribution to global
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is
very small about 0.08%.
 Projected Recession Of (HKH) glaciers
threatening water inflow into Indus River
 Increased Intrusion of saline water into
Indus ..
 A new study released by WWF-Pakistan
has found that agriculture here could face
a loss of up to 10pc of its output by 2040
due to climate change.
These Threats may lead Pakistan into concerns
on its…
a) Food Security
b) Water Security
c) Energy Security
d) National Security

17. Climate Change
Pakistan
 Third country most affected by climate change as
per Global Climate Risk Index
 More rains in summer, and less rains in winter.
Productivity of wheat and other winter crops is
decreasing.
 Agriculture contributes 21% to the total GDP.
Pakistan is an agrarian country, where 62% people
depends on agriculture for their living.

18. Climate Change
Pakistan
 Increased health risk and CC-induced migration
 Increased in disasters such as floods, heatwave,
siltation, GLOF.
 Loss in biodiversity
 Only 5.2% land area is covered
by forest (in 2010);
it should be minimum of 20-30%. Deforestation is at
the rate of 2.1% per year (47,000 ha).

19. Climate Change
Pakistan Pakistan
 Pakistan Floods (1950, 1956, 1957, 1973, 1976, 1978, 1988, 1992, 1995,
2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012)
Pakistan Floods 2010: (Around 2000 people died and over 20 million affected)
 2007 Cyclone Yemyin July 2007: At least 730 people died, some 350,000
people were displaced, 1.5 million affected and more than two million livestock
perished. Tropical cyclone also proved devastating in the recent past history of
Pakistan
 1998-2002 series of Droughts: At least 1.2 million people in Baluchistan were
affected by drought, and over hundreds of people died, mostly because of
dehydration, Millions of animals perished.
 Heat Waves 1978, 1990, 1995, 1996, 2007, 2010, 2013,2016

20. Climate Change
Pakistan
www.ifrc.org

21. Ministry of Climate
Change
Pakistan has elevated
the climate change
division to a ministry
.The Ministry of Climate
Change has been vested
with the mandate to
comprehensively
address Disaster
Management along with
spearheading national
climate change
initiatives both in
adaptation and
mitigation.
Attached Departments
 National Disaster Management Authority
 ii. Pak EPA
 iii. Zoological Survey Department (ZSD)
 iv. Global Change Impact Study Center
(GCISC

22. Pakistan
environmental
protection Act, 1997
An act to provide for the
protection, conservation,
rehabilitation and improvement of
environment, for the prevention
and control of pollution, and
promotion of sustainable
development
•To implement the Pakistan
environmental protection
act, Pakistan environmental
protection agency was created as a
department of Ministry of Climate.
•Pak-EPA is mandated to prepare
or revise, and establish the
National Environmental Quality
Standards (NEQS) with approval of
Pakistan Environmental Protection
Council (PEPC);

23. Climate change Policy
of Pakistan 2012
The National Climate Change
Policy provides a framework for
addressing the issues that
Pakistan faces or will face in
future due to the changing
climate.
Policy Goal
• To ensure Climate change is
main-streamed into
economically and socially
vulnerable Sectors of the
economy and to steer
Pakistan towards Climate
resilient development.
• In view of Pakistan’s high
vulnerability to the adverse
impacts of climate change,
in particular extreme
events, adaptation effort is
the focus of this policy
document
Policy Objectives
1. To pursue sustained economic growth by
appropriately addressing the challenges
of climate change;
2. To integrate climate change policy with
other inter-related national policies;
3. To focus on pro-poor gender sensitive
adaptation while also promoting
mitigation to the extent possible in a cost-
effective manner;
4. To ensure water security, food security
and energy security of the country in the
face of the challenges posed by climate
change;
5. To minimize the risks arising from the
expected increase in frequency and
intensity of extreme weather events such
as floods, droughts and tropical storms;

24. 1. To facilitate effective use of the
opportunities, particularly financial,
available both nationally and
internationally;
2. To foster the development of
appropriate economic incentives to
encourage public and private sector
investment in adaptation measures;
3. To enhance the awareness, skill and
institutional capacity of relevant
stakeholders;
4. To promote conservation of natural
resources and long term sustainability

25. CLIMATE CHANGE
CENTRE (CCC)
Peshawar
.
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) is
sheltering a population of more than
20 million people. The major portion
of this population is dwelling in rural
areas and depends on farming for
their livelihoods.
Along with crop production and
horticulture, livestock farming is also
a dominant occupation of the rural
communities particularly women.
Changes in temperatures and
uncertain hydrological patterns are
expected to affect food security and
access to water in this highly diverse
and ecologically fragile province.
Farmers are confronted with these
changes and need to be supported in
finding and developing adequate
responses to these new challenges for
ensuring their food security and
resilience to weather extremes.
Services of the Climate Change Centre (CCC)
Of all adaptation needs, the agriculture sector has to
prepare itself the most for coping with climate change
since food crops are highly sensitive even to little
change in temperature and rainfall conditions, for this
purpose CCC plans to:
1. Establish a system of information provision and
advisory on climate change adaptation accessible
to organizations engaged in agriculture related
activities (including farmer corporate/platforms).
2. Serve as knowledge resource repository focusing
on climate change adaptation in order to provide
cutting edge information on CC adaptation.
3. Sensitize and enhance capacities of the relevant
departments (including applied research and
outreach) to enrich their teaching, research and
development agenda for addressing/linking to
climate change adaptation needs.
4. Serve as a bridge among multiple sub sectors of
agriculture, Government, Non Government,
Private sector for enhanced coordination.
5. Establish regional/global linkages and to facilitate
relevant department for appropriate research and
development coordination.

26. ◦ ADAPTATION
◦ MITIGATATION

27.  Adaptation is usually distinguished from coping , which is
conceptualised as a short term mechanism of dealing with
immediate shocks
 Coping begins when a household is forced to mobilize
resources to respond to crises
 Also responses to declining food availability and entitlements
in abnormal seasons or years

28.  The degree to which adjustments are possible in practices or
structures of systems to projected or actual changes of
climate
 This is largely influenced by resilience within the
system/community
(UNFCCC, 2002 and Reid & Vogel, 2006)
 It is also the ability of farmers to respondsuccessfully and
make adjustments to climate change

29.  Potential or the ability of a system region or
communities to adapt to the effects or impacts
of a stressor
 Developed countries Vs Developing countries
 Within countries (Low and High Favoured
areas)
 Within communities (The rich, the middle and
the poor)
 Gender, age, health etc (at family level)

30.  Human capital
◦ Knowledge on climate (scientific and local)
◦ Technical and political
◦ Education level/perceptions/health status
 Information and technology
◦ Communication network (radio, TV, etc)
◦ Freedom of expression
◦ Technology transfer and packaging of information
◦ Innovative systems and capacity
◦ Early warning systems

31. ◦ State of CSO relationships
◦ Social mobilization
◦ Density of institutional network

32. ◦ Transport system
◦ Water infrastructure
◦ Sanitation
◦ Energy supply and management

33. ◦ Modes of governance
◦ Leadership legitimacy
◦ Participation in decision making
◦ Decision and management capacity
◦ Sovereignty (trans boundary water course)

34. ◦ Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and
property by lessening the impact of disasters.
◦ Mitigating climate change is about reducing the
release of greenhouse gas emissions that are
warming our planet

35. ◦ The goal of mitigation is to avoid significant
human interference with the climate system...
◦ Switching to low-carbon energy sources such as
wind power, solar, geothermal, hydroelectric or
nuclear represents one of the major strategies
for lowering the emissions of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere.

36.  Mitigation also extends to the protection of
natural carbon "sinks" like the forests or oceans.
New sinks can be created through, for example,
forest regeneration.
 Tackling Waste

37. 1. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnerships/
goal13
2. http://www.pk.undp.org/content/pakistan/en/home
/ourwork/environmentandenergy/overview.html
3. https://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/more-
resources-on-climate-change/climate-change-lines-of-
evidence-booklet/
4. http://unchronicle.un.org/article/goal-13-taking-
urgent-action-combat-climate-change-sdgs-and-paris-
climate-agreement/
5. http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustaina
ble-development-goals/
6. http://www.mocc.gov.pk/gop/index.php?q=aHR0cD
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bHMuYXNweD9pZD0xMyZhbXA7b3B0PXBvbGljaWV
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