2. Learning Objective
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to
• Explain about primary brain tumor
• Enumerate the classification of brain tumor
• Explain the pathophysiology of brain tumor
• List down the clinical manifestation of brain tumor
• Enumerate the diagnostic evaluation of brain tumor
• Explain the medical and nursing management of
brain tumor.
3. Primary Brain Tumors
• A brain tumor is a localized intracranial lesion
that occupies space within the skull.
• Tumors usually grow as a spherical mass, but
they can grow diffusely and infiltrate tissue.
• The effects of neoplasm's occur from the
compression and infiltration of tissue.
4. • Pathophysiologic events
• Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and
cerebral edema
• Seizure activity and focal neurologic signs
• Hydrocephalus
• Altered pituitary function
5. Classification of Adult Brain Tumors
I. Intracerebral Tumors
A. Gliomas—infiltrate any portion of the brain;
most common type of brain tumor
1. Astrocytomas (grades I and II)
2. Glioblastoma multiforme (astrocytoma grades III
and IV)
3. Oligodendrocytoma (low and high grades)
6. 4. Ependymoma (grades I to IV)
5. Medulloblastoma
II. Tumors Arising From Supporting Structures
A. Meningiomas
B. Neuromas (acoustic neuroma, schwannoma)
C. Pituitary adenomas
8. Pathophysiology
• Brain tumors may be classified into several
groups: those arising from the coverings of the
brain (eg, dural meningioma), those originating
within brain tissue (eg, gliomas),
and metastatic lesions originating elsewhere
In the body.
9. GLIOMAS
Glial tumors, the most common type of
brain neoplasm these tumors spread by
infiltrating into the surrounding neural
connective tissue and therefore cannot be
totally removed without causing considerable
damage to vital structures.
10. MENINGIOMAS
• common benign encapsulated tumors of
arachnoid cells on the meninges
PITUITARYADENOMAS
• Pressure Effects of Pituitary Adenomas
• Hormonal Effects of Pituitary Adenomas
11. ACOUSTIC NEUROMAS
• An acoustic neuroma is a tumor of the eighth
cranial nerve, the cranial nerve most responsible
for hearing and balance.
15. Medical Management
• Chemotherapy and external-beam radiation
therapy, are used alone or in combination
with surgical resection.
• Radiation therapy, decreases the incidence of
recurrence of incompletely resected tumors.
16. • Brachytherapy has had promising results for
primary malignancies.
• Intravenous (IV) autologous bone marrow
transplantation is used in some patients who
will receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy
• Corticosteroids
17. Surgical Management
• The objective of surgical management is to
remove or destroy the entire tumor without
increasing the neurologic deficit ( paralysis,
blindness) or to relieve symptoms by partial
removal (decompression).
18. Nursing Management
NURSING DIAGNOSES
• Self-care deficit (feeding, bathing, and toileting)
related to loss or impairment of motor and
sensory function and decreased cognitive
abilities.
19. • Imbalanced nutrition, less than body
requirements, related to cachexia due to
treatment and tumor effects,
decreased nutritional intake, and
malabsorption
20. Summary
• So far we have discussed about definition,
causes, pathophysiology. Clinical manifestation,
diagnostic measures, and management of brain
tumor.
21. Bibliography
• Lewis et al, Medical Surgical Nursing, Mosby
Elsevier,7th edition.
• Joyce.M.Black et al, Medical Surgical Nursing,
Saunders publication.
• Brunner and Siddhartha, Medical Surgical
Nursing, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
