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45304607-Schizophrenia.pptx
1.
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Ayurveda --- Morel described schizophrenia
as demence precoce;
Kahlbaum described schizophrenia as
catatonia
Hecker described schizophrenia as
hebephrenia
The scientific study of schizophrenia began with the
description of dementia precox by Emil Kraepelin
Dementia= deterioration; precox=earlyonset
3. EMIL KRAEPELIN
In 1986 he differentiated the major psychiatric
illnesses into two clinical types
1. Dementia precox (delusions,
hallucinations, disturbances of affect, &
motor disturbances)
2. MDP
4. EUGEN BLEULER(1911)
Renamed dementia precox as Schizophrenia (splitting of
mind) (1908) group of disorders rather than distinct entity so,
he used the word group of schizophrenias.
Described characteristic symptoms as
Fundamental symptoms(diagnostic of schizophrenia)
Ambivalence,
Autism,
Affect disturbance,
Association disturbance
Accessory symptoms(secondary to Fundamental
symptoms)
Delusions,
Hallucinations,
Negativism
5. KURT SCHNEIDER (1959)
Described symptoms which though not specific of
schizophrenia, were of great importance in making
a clinical diagnosis
Schneider First rank symptoms (SFRS)
A. Hallucinations
1. Audible thoughts(thought echo)
2. Voices heard arguing
3. Voices commenting on one’s action
6. B. Thought Alienation phenomena
4. Thought withdrawal
5. Thought insertion
6. Thought diffusion or broadcasting
C. Passivity phenomena
7. Made feeling or affect
8. Made impulses
9. Made volition or acts (robot like)
10. Somatic passivity
D. Delusional perception
11. Delusional perception
7. SCHIZOPHRENIA
The word schizophrenia is derived from Greek word
Schizo=split; Phrenic=mind
Term was coined by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen
Bleuler
Major mental disorder characterized by Group of
disturbances which sometimes occur in different
combinations and intensities. Hence it is
heterogeneous in nature
8. DEFINITION OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
“Schizophrenia is defined as functional
psychotic condition characterized by disturbances
in thinking, emotion, volition and perception in
presence of clear consciousness, which usually
leads to social withdrawal”.
9. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Most common of the psychotic disorders
50% 0f beds in psychiatric hospitals are occupied
2/3rds of the cases are in the 15-30 years age group
Common in lower social classes
Acc to world health report 2001, 24 million people worldwide
suffer from schizophrenia
Prevalence rate 0.5-1%, Prevalent in all cultures races and in
all parts of the world
Incidence rate 0.5 per 1000
Onset is later in women and often runs benign course, as
compared to men
10. ETIOLOGY
Unknown
However several theories have been propounded
I. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
1. Genetic hypothesis
8-10% of first degree relatives 3% of second degree
relatives and 2% of third degree relatives of patients with
schizophrenia can have schizophrenia as compared with
0.5-1% prevalence rate in the general population
11. POPULATION INCIDENCE(%)
General population 1.0
Sibling of schizophrenic patient 8.0
Child with one schizophrenic parent 12.0
Child with two schizophrenic parent 40.0
Dizygotic twin of schizophrenic pt 14.0
Monozygotic twin of schizophrenic pt 46.0
2. Biochemical theories
Functional increase in dopamine level at post synaptic
receptor
Other NT’s like 5-HT, GABA, Acetyl choline
12. 3. Brain imaging
Cranial CT Scan, MRI Scan, and post mortem studies show
enlarged ventricles and mild cortical atrophy
PET Scan shows hypofrontality and decreased glucose
utilization in the dominant temporal lobe
Attempts are being made to localize symptoms of
schizophrenia to the various brain regions by PET
4. Other theories
Biological basis of schizophrenia
Antipsychotics block the D2 receptor, cause improvement, and
relapse occurs on stopping antipsychotic medication
13. Newer atypical antipsychotics are D2-5-HT2 antagonists
Drugs like LSD, amphetamines, and mescaline, can cause
schizophrenia like symptoms in normal subjects.
Organic mental disorders with schizophrenia like symptoms may be
seen in Huntington’s chorea, homocystinuria, acute intermittent
porphyria, Wilson’s disease and hemachromatosis.
Soft neurological signs (SNS), minor physical anomalies, and
impaired eye tracking (smooth pursuit eye movements) are more
oftenly seen
Viral and auto-immune factors have also been implicated by some,
while others (Wein berger) have suggested a neurodevelopmental
hypothesis for schizophrenia.
14. II.PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES
1. Stress –Diathesis model
Stressful life events
Stress-Vulnerability Hypothesis
Increased expressed emotions(EE) of significant others in the
family can lead to early relapse
2. Family theories
Schizophrenogenic mothers (Cold, overprotective, &
domineering, mothers retard the ego development of the
child, Dependency on mother, Anxious mother)
Lack of real parents
Parental marital schism or skew
Double-bind theory
Communication deviance
Pseudo mutuality
15. 3. Information processing hypothesis
Disturbance in attention, inability to maintain a set, and
inability to assimilate and integrate percepts are common
findings
The patients may at first be overly attentive to stimuli but
later may reduce attention to stimuli
Breakdown in the internal representation of mental events.
4. Psychoanalytical theories
Acc to Freud regression to pre oral (and oral) stage of
psychosexual development, with the use of defense
mechanism of denial, projection and reaction formation
Acc to Federn Loss of ego boundaries, with loss of touch
with reality.
16. III. SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORIES
Although Prevalence is uniform across cultures, it was found
more common in low SES which is now explained due to a
downward social drift which is a result of having developed
schizophrenia rather than causing it
Migration
Disorganization
17. PHASES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
PRODROMAL PHASE:
DSM-IV characterizes the prodromal phase as clear deterioration in
functioning before the active phase of the disturbance that is not due
to a disturbance in mood or to a psychoactive substance use
disorder and that involves at least two of the following s/s
Social isolation/ withdrawal
Impairment in role functioning
Peculiar behavior
Impairment in personal hygiene
Blunted / inappropriate affect
Digressive, vague, over elaborative, or circumstantial speech, or poverty of
speech, or poverty of content of speech
Odd belief or magical thinking , influencing behavior and inconsistent with
cultural norms
Unusual perceptual experience
Marked lack of initiative , interests, or energy.
18. ACTIVE PHASE:
The patient exhibits frankly psychotic symptoms
Delusions
Hallucinations
Loosening of associations
Incoherence
Catatonic behavior
Particular stress may be present before the onset of this phase
RESIDUAL PHASE:
Follows active phase
Two of the symptoms mentioned in prodromal phase persist
Resembles prodromal phase except that disturbance in affect and
role functioning are more severe
Hallucinations and delusions may persists
19. CLINICAL FEATURES
Disturbance in
Thought and verbal behaviour
Perception
Affect
Motor behavior
Relationship to the external world
20. THOUGHT AND SPEECH DISORDERS
Autistic thinking (Von Domarus Law) – patient may consider two
things identical because they have identical predicates – lord
Hanuman was celibate, I am celibate too; I am lord Hanuman
Loosening of associations ---- incoherence
Thought block – thought withdrawal
Neologism- word approximation or
par aphasias ---- stomach as food vessel
Mutism
Poverty of speech
Poverty of ideation
Echolalia
Perseveration
Verbigeration
21. Delusions
Primary Delusions (Autochthonous Delusions)
Secondary Delusions
Types of Delusions
Delusions of persecution
Delusions of reference
Delusions of grandeur
Delusions of control
Somatic Delusions
Overinclusion
Impaired abstraction
Concreteness
Perplexity
Ambivalence
22. Disorders of perception
Hallucination
Disorders of affect
Apathy
Emotional blunting
Emotional shallowness
Anhedonia
Inappropriate Emotional response
Lack of rapport (due to lack of Emotional contact)
Disorders of motor behavior
Decreases (inertia, stupor) or
increase in psychomotor activities (excitement, aggression,
restlessness, agitation)
Mannerisms
Stereotypies
Decreased self care
Poor grooming
Catatonic features
24. Other features
Decreased functioning in work, social relations and self care
Loss of ego boundaries
Multiple somatic symptoms
Insight will be absent
Social judgment will poor
No disturbance with consciousness, orientation, attention,
memory, intelligence.
Variability in symptoms over time
No underlying organic cause
No prominent mood disorder of depressive or manic type
Suicide
25. DIAGNOSIS
Acc to ICD-10 a minimum of 1 very clear symptom ( and usually 2
or more if less clear cut) belonging to any one of the groups of
referred to as (a) to (d) below, or symptoms from at least 2 of the
groups referred to as (e) to (h), should have been clearly present for
most of the time during a period of 1 month or more (DSM-IV-TR on
the other hand requires a minimum period of 6 months)
If the duration of illness is less than 1 month then a diagnosis of
acute schizophrenia like psychotic disorder should be made.
a. Thought echo, Thought insertion, or withdrawal, or Thought
broadcasting;
b. Delusions of control, influence, or passivity, clearly referred to
body or limb movements or specific thoughts, actions, or
sensation; delusional perception;
c. Hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary on the
patient’s behavior or discussing the patient among themselves,
or other types of hallucinatory voices coming from some part of
the body;
26. d. Persistent delusions of other kinds that are culturally
inappropriate and completely impossible (e.g. being able to
control the weather, or being in communication with aliens from
another world);
e. persistent hallucinations occurring every day for weeks or
months or months
f. breaks or interpolations in the train of thought resulting in
incoherent or irrelevant speech or neologism;
g. Catatonic behavior
h. Negative symptoms
i. A significant and consistent change in the overall quality of
some aspects of personal behavior, (loss of interest,
aimlessness, idleness, a self absorbed attitude, and social
withdrawal)
28. F20.0-Paranoid Schizophrenia
Delusions of Persecutory, Grandeur, control, infidelity (Jealousy)
Hallucinations have Persecutory, Grandiose content
Unfocussed anxiety
Anger
Argumentativeness
Violence
Doubts about gender identity
Disturbances of affect, volition, speech, and motor behavior
Personality deterioration is less
Patients may be apprehensive (intelligent, fearful), evasive (escaping)
Onset is insidious, occurs later in life, progressive and complete
recovery may not occur
Frequent remissions and relapses are seen
Slight impairment with functional capability
29. F20.1-Hebephrenic Schizophrenia
In other classification this type is termed as Disorganized schizophrenia
Marked thought disorder, incoherence and severe loosening of associations.
Delusions and Hallucinations
Emotional disturbances
Inappropriate affect
Blunted affect
Senseless giggling
mannerisms
Mirror gazing (for long periods of time)
Poor self care and hygiene
Impaired social and occupational ----social withdrawal
ICD-10 recommends 2-3 months of continuous observation for confident
diagnosis
Onset is insidious in early 2nd decade(15-25 years)
Course is progressive and downhill
Recovery never occurs, severe deterioration without remissions
Has one of the worst prognosis among the subtypes of schizophrenia
30. F20.2-Catatonic Schizophrenia
Catatonia – marked disturbance in the motor behavior cata-
disturbed; tonic-tone;
Onset is acute in late 2nd and early 3rd decade
Course is episodic and recovery from episodes is complete,
residual symptoms may present after 2nd or 3rd episode
3 clinical forms
Excited Catatonia
in psychomotor activity (restlessness, agitation,
excitement, aggressiveness, violent behavior)------furor
in speech production, pressure of speech, loosening of association,
incoherence
Stimuli for excitement is internal not the environmental (e.g. thoughts and
impulses) so excitement is not goal directed
Some times very rarely excitement can become Severe -----rigidity,
hyperthermia, and dehydration leading to death then it is known as acute lethal
catatonia or pernicious catatonia
31. Stuporous (or retarded) Catatonia--
psychomotor function
Mutism
Rigidity
Negativism
Posturing
Stupor
Echolalia
Echopraxia
Waxy flexibility
Ambitendency
Other symptoms-----mannerisms, stereotypies, automatic obedience,
verbigeration
Delusions and hallucinations may present but not prominent
Catatonia alternating between excitement and stupor
Very common feature of both excited and stuporous catatonia are alternatingly
present
32. F20.3-Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Very common type
Diagnosed when features of no subtype are fully present or features of
more than one subtype are exhibited.
F20.4-Post- Schizophrenia depression
Some schizophrenics develop depressive features within 12
months of an acute episode associated with risk of suicide
Can occur due to side effect of antipsychotics, regaining
insight after recovery or as just part of an schizophrenia
It is important to distinguish the depressive features from
negative symptoms and EPS of antipsychotics
33. F20.5-Residual Schizophrenia
Is similar to latent schizophrenia and symptoms are same
as prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia
Diagnosed after at least one episode has occurred
According to ICD-10 (CDDG) it is characterized by the following features in
addition to the general guidelines of schizophrenia
Prominent negative schizophrenic symptoms
Past h/o one clear cut psychotic episode
A period of 1 year during which the intensity and frequency of florid
symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations have been minimal and
the negative symptoms have been present
Absence of dementia or other organic brain disease and of chronic
depression or institutionalism for negative symptoms
34. F20.6-Simple Schizophrenia
Most difficult to diagnose
Early onset (2nd decade)
Insidious and progressive course
Negative symptoms are present
Vague hypochondriacal features
Drift down the social ladder
Wandering aimlessly
Delusions and hallucinations are usually absent, if present they
are short lived
Prognosis -----very poor
35. OTHER SUBTYPES
Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
Described by Hoch and Polatin
Initially presented with neurotic symptoms which last for 1 year and show
poor response to treatment
3 classical symptoms are
Pan-anxiety
Pan-neurosis
Pan-sexuality
Now this subtype is subsumed under borderline personality disorder
Schizophreniform disorder
This is diagnostic category in DSM-IV-TR with features of schizophrenia.
Only difference is duration is less than 6 months and prognosis is better
than schizophrenia
This term was introduced by Langfeldt (1961)
Similar condition in ICD-10 is called acute schizophrenia like psychotic
disorder
36. Oneiroid(dream) schizophrenia
Described by Mayer-Gross,
Acute onset
Clouding of consciousness, disorientation
Dream like states
Perceptual disturbances with rapid shifting
Episode- brief
Van Gogh Syndrome
Dramatic self –mutilation in schizophrenia is also called as Van Gogh
syndrome
Van Gogh was a famous painter who cut his ear during active phase of illness
37. Late Paraphrenia
Described by Sir Martin Roth
Occurs late in life (6th decade)
Common in unmarried or widowed women
Delusions of persecution as being raped or strangers entering their room
Hallucinations of all kinds are present
≈25-40% of patients have some defect of sight or hearing
Presently kept under paranoid schizophrenia, late onset
Pfropf schizophrenia
Schizophrenia occurring in the presence of MR
Behavioral disturbances are more prominent than thought disorder
38. Type I and Type II Schizophrenia
T. J. Crow has divided schizophrenia in to two subtypes as
Type I and Type II Schizophrenia
Very few patients have a pure TYPE I or TYPE II syndrome
Admixtures are common
39. DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Exclude organic psychosis
Ex: complex partial seizures, drug (Amphetamine)
induced psychosis, metabolic disturbances or cerebral
neoplasm
Rule out a possibility of mood disorder or
schizoaffective disorder
Exclude other non organic psychosis like delusional
disorders, or acute and transient psychotic
disorders (ATPD)
40. PROGNOSIS
Acute onset
Onset after 35 years
Presence of precipitating
factors
Good premorbid adjustment
Catatonic subtype (paranoid
intermediate prognosis)
Short duration (< 6 months)
Presence of depression
Predominance of positive
symptoms
Family h/o mood disorder
Insidious onset
< 20 yrs of age
Absence of stressor
Poor premorbid adjustment
Disorganized, simple,
undifferentiated or chronic
catatonic subtypes
Chronic course (>2 yrs )
Absence of depression
Predominance of negative
symptoms
Family h/o schizophrenia
GOOD PROGNOSTIC
FACTORS
POOR PROGNOSTIC
FACTORS
41. PROGNOSIS
First episode
Pyknic (fat) physique
Female sex
Good social support
Presence of confusion,
perplexity, or
disorientation in the acute
phase
Proper treatment or good
response treatment
OPD treatment
Normal CT Scan
Past h/o schizophrenia
Asthenic physique
Male sex
Poor social support or
unmarried
Flat or blunted affect
Absence of proper
treatment or poor
response
Institutionalization
Evidence of ventricular
enlargement on CT Scan
GOOD PROGNOSTIC
FACTORS
POOR PROGNOSTIC
FACTORS
42. COURSE AND OUTCOME
Progressive downhill course
More hospitalization
According to the study made by Luc Ciompi 1980
which included 5661 cases and which extended for
36.9 years the outcome was
Complete remission (27%)
Remission with minor residual deficit (22%)
Intermediate out come (24%)
Severe disability (18%)
Unstable or uncertain outcome (9%)
ALMOST 50% PATIENTS SHOWED COMPLETE OR NEAR
COMPLETE RECOVERY
18% SHOWED SEVERE DISABILITY
9% NEEDING HOSPITALIZATION
43. COURSE AND OUTCOME
A study of factors associated with course and
outcome of schizophrenia (SOFACOS) conducted
by ICMR (Indian Council of Medical Research ) at 3
centers in India (Vellore, Madras, and Luknow)
386 patients were followed up for 5 years (1981 to1986)
the out come was
Very favorable outcome (27%)
Favorable out come (40%)
Intermediate out come (31%)
Unfavorable outcome (2%)
So 2/3rds (67%) of the patients had a favourable out
come as compared to 50% in Luc Ciompi ‘s study
44. In ICD-10 the course of schizophrenia is specified under
the categories of :
i. Continuous
ii. Episodic with progressive deficit
iii. Episodic with stable deficit
iv. Episodic remittent
v. Incomplete remission
vi. Complete remission
if the period of observation is less than 1 year the course is not
specified
Longer the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP)
worse is the out come
Cause for increased mortality of patients in
schizophrenia is suicide
Life time risk of suicide in schizophrenia is 5-10 times
higher as compared to normal population
46. PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
First drug used was reserpine (Rauwolfia
serpentina extract) by Sen and Bose in India in
1931----no longer used
Antipsychotics were formally discovered by Delay
and Deniker in 1952
Atypical antipsychotics are commonly used than
typical antipsychotics
47. ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS:
Are more useful in negative symptoms (chronic
schizophrenia)
Respseridone 2-10 mg/day PO
Olanzapine 10-20 mg/ day PO
Quetiapine 150-750mg/day PO
Aripiprazole
Ziprasidone 20-80 mg/day PO
Clozapine 50-450mg day PO
effective drug in 30% of patients who had no
beneficial response to traditional (typical and atypical
antipsychoticsc) but leads to agranulocytosis ans
seizures so used with caution
48. TYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS:
Trifluoperazine 15-60 mg/day PO
Haloperidol 5-100 mg/day PO
Chlorpromazine 300-1500 mg/day PO
Drug treatment is usually given in OPD setting
because
Few number of psychiatric beds
Families are willing to take care
Majority pts do not need hospitalization
49. Hospitalization is indicated when
Pt neglects food & water
Pt is Danger to self and other
Poor drug compliance
Neglect of self care
Lack of social support
Antipsychotics act by blocking D2 receptors in the
mesolimbic system, other receptors like 5-HT, muscarinic
receptors and GABA are also important
Atypical antipsychotic are also called as SDAs have
action on both dopamine and 5-HT
50. IN ACUTE EXCITEMENT
Haloperidol 5 mg IV / IM with or without diazepam
or 50 mg promethazine
Chlorpromazine IM abscess
IV hypotension
51. MAINTENANCE TREATMENT WITH ANTIPSYCHOTICS
TO PREVENT RELAPSE
Treatment should be continued for 6 months to 1 year
for 1st episode
For 1-2yrs for the subsequent episodes
Indefinite period for repeated episodes or persistent
symptoms
52. DEPOT ANTIPSYCHOTIC PREPARATIONS
WITH LONG DURATION OF ACTION
AVAILABLE IN INDIA
Fluphenazine decanoate, 25-50mg IM every 2-3
weeks
Penfluridol, 20-60mg oral every week
Flupenthixole decanoate, 20-40mg IM every
2weeks
Haloperidol decanoate, 100-250mg IM every 4 wks
Zuclopenthixole decanoate, 200-400mg IM, every
2-4 weeks
53. ANTIPARKINSONIAN MEDICATIONS
Needed when pt is receiving older typical
antipsychotics (haloperidol)
Trihexiphenidyl (THP) 6 mg / day
Orphenadrine 150 mg / day
Procyclidine 7.5-15 mg / day
54. ECT
Not a 1o indication for ECT
Indications for ECT in schizophrenia are
Catatonic stupor
Uncontrolled Catatonic excitement
Acute exacerbation not controlled by drugs
Severe side effects with drugs
8-12 ECTs are needed (up to 18) 3 times a week
55. MISCELLANEOUS TREATMENTS
Psychosurgery
rarely used
when used limbic leucotomy (small subcaudate lesion with
cingulate lesion) in severe and prominent depression, anxiety or
obsessional symptoms
Antipsychotics are far better
Many other methods used in past
Megavitamine therapy
Dialysis
Malaria therapy
High dose propranolol
High dose insulin (insulin coma therapy)
56. PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT
Important component of comprehensive
management: it has following steps
Psycho education
Group psychotherapy
Family therapy
Milieu therapy
Individual psychotherapy
Psychosocial rehabilitation
57. NURSING MANAGEMENT
General principles of management of
schizophrenic pts
I
Chronic illness which needs long term treatment
Total cure may not occur in most of the cases
Aim is ---good improvement with regular and
appropriate treatment
In times of stress the pt may get relapse in spite of
regular treatment
58. Pts need to
Increase in their own self esteem
Be assisted to live with the real world
Environment where he gets a change to use his own initiative and
judgment
Have human contacts
Find a nurse who is having stable and consistent nature and who is
having patience
Accept him as he is. Accept the pt whole heartedly
Nurse should not expect the impossible from the pt.
Assign small responsibilities
Engage and support
Supervise him
Appreciate for every achievements
Do not -------- Ignore
Criticize
Exert social behavior
Refrain from over involvement
59. II
Careful assessment--------diagnosis----------formulating a
treatment plan
Nsg management depends on
Defining reality
Handling pt control
Strengthening the patient’s self image and Strengthening the
IPR
Giving emotional support
60. Nsg diagnosis: I
Alteration in thought process r/t inability to trust,
panic anxiety, evidenced by delusional thinking, inability
to concentrate, impaired volition, extreme suspiciousness
of others
Objective: pt will eliminate patterns of delusional thinking and
demonstrate trust in others
61. Nsg diagnosis: II
Sensory-perceptual alteration: Auditory, visual, r/t
panic anxiety, withdrawal into self, as evidenced by
inappropriate responses, disordered thought process,
poor concentration and disorientation.
Objective: pt will be able to define and test reality, eliminating
the occurrence of hallucinations
62. Nsg diagnosis: III
Social isolation r/t inability to trust, panic anxiety,
delusional thinking, evidenced by withdrawal, sad, dull
affect, preoccupation with own thoughts, expression of
feelings of rejection of aloneness imposed by others.
Objective: pt will voluntarily spend time with other pts and staff
members in group activities on the units
63. Nsg diagnosis: IV
Potential for violence, self directed or directed to
others, r/t extreme suspiciousness, panic anxiety,
catatonic excitement, rage reactions, command
hallucinations, as evidenced by physical violence,
destruction of objects in the environment, self destructive
behavior or active aggressive suicidal acts.
Objective: pt will not harm self or others
64. Nsg diagnosis: V
Impaired verbal communication r/t panic anxiety,
disordered, unrealistic thinking as evidenced by
loosening of associations, echolalia, verbalizations that
reflect concrete thinking and poor eye contact
Objective: pt will be able to communicate appropriately and
comprehensibly by the time of discharge
65. Nsg diagnosis: VI
Self care deficit r/t withdrawal, panic anxiety,
perceptual or cognitive impairment as evidenced by
difficulty in carrying out tasks associated with hygiene,
dressing, grooming, eating, and toileting.
Objective: patient will demonstrate ability to meet self care
needs independently
66. DTH:”L;;
‘;.
“
Nsg diagnosis: VII
ineffective family coping r/t highly ambivalent
family relationships, impaired family communications, as
evidenced by neglectful care of the client, extreme denial
or prolonged over concern regarding his illness
Objective: family will identify more adaptive coping strategies
for dealing with patients illness and treatment regimen.
67. EVALUATION
Has the pt established trust with at least one staff
member?
Is delusional thinking still prevalent?
Are hallucination still evident?
Is the pt able to interact with other appropriately?
Is the pt able to carry out all activities of daily living
independently?
68. NSG CARE OF THE ACUTELY ILL
SCHIZOPHRENICS
Common in catatonic and paranoid types
Main nursing concern is controlling his impulsive
behavior when hears voices and respond to them
Pt may be abusive to the staff so the nurse who has
established trust should collect the data
Physical need of the pt should be met
Inj: Haloperidol 10 to 20 mg IM/IV
Inj: Chlorpromazine 100 mg IM
Check for injuries
Approach the patient with assistants
69. NSG CARE OF THE CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENICS
Usually withdrawn and have lot of negative
symptoms
Engage the patient in useful activities (idle mind is a
devils workshop)
The patients who live in fantasy have bad prognosis
He should be encouraged to do some positive,
physical work (rehabilitation)
Encourage and motivate the pt
Appreciate him at appropriate time
70. PHYSICAL, EMOTIONAL, AND THERAPEUTIC
NEEDS OF THE CHR PTS
Physical needs:
Nutrition
Personal hygiene
Elimination
Emotional needs:
To improve Social contacts, communication, and IPR
Give importance to personal identity
71. Therapeutic needs:
Accept the pt as human being
Give responsibility about ward routine works
Patiently and positively hear the suggestions from the pt himself in
implementing routine ward work
Chronic patients need stimulation, occupational and recreational
therapies
Nursing care of Chronic patients emphasis should be placed on
the 5 R’s
Reassurance
Readjustment
Reeducation
Rehabilitation
Recreation