It's abt Garr and engine

1. Gears And Engines
By : Shriyash Tiwari And Omkar jaiswar

2. Title and Content Layout with List
• Introduction
• History
• Applications and benefits
• Researches for future
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
Gears :- As we all know that gears are like HEART of functional machines. It suffers
from mini watch spare parts to large factory mills and luxury cars. Gears come with
different sizes it contains much large size and much smaller size. Every function
machine carries gears. Gears plays a very important role in function and stability of
machines.
Engines :- As gears are heart then Engines are LUNGS of machines . It mostly used in
vechicles,factories water pumps ,generator and even in mini D.C motors also.An engine
or motor is a machine designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy.
Heat engines convert heat into work via various thermodynamic processes.

4. History
• Gears:- Early examples of gears date from the 4th century BC in China(Zhan Guo times –
Late East Zhou dynasty), which have been preserved at the Luoyang Museum of Henan
Province, China. The earliest preserved gears in Europe were found in the Antikythera
mechanism, an example of a very early and intricate geared device, designed to
calculate astronomical positions. Its time of construction is now estimated between 150 and
100 BC. Gears appear in works connected to Hero of Alexandria, in Roman Egypt circa AD
50, but can be traced back to the mechanics of the Alexandrian school in 3rd-century
BC Ptolemaic Egypt, and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes (287–
212 BC). The segmental gear, which receives/communicates reciprocating motion from/to a
cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear/ring having cogs on the periphery, was
invented by Arab engineer Al-Jazari in 1206.The worm gear was invented in the Indian
subcontinent, for use in roller cotton gins, some time during the 13th–14th
centuries. Differential gears may have been used in some of the Chinese south-pointing
chariots,but the first verifiable use of differential gears was by the British clock maker
Joseph Williamson in 1720.

5. History of engines
• In 1872, American George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fueled
internal combustion engine. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler
and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-stroke cycle engine. In
1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine.

6. Applications and benefits.
….

7. APPLICATIONS and Benefits OF GEARS.
• Application :- Gears are used to transfer motion and torque between machine components in
mechanical devices. Depending on the design and construction of the gear pair employed, gears can
change the direction of movement and/or increase the output speed or torque. Internal gears are
primarily used for planetary gear drives. Spur gears are generally seen as best for applications that
require speed reduction and torque multiplication, such as ball mills and crushing equipment.
• Benefits :-Advantages of Gear drive
• It is positive drive hence velocity remains constant.
• Provisions for changing velocity ratios can be made with the help of gear box.
• Its efficiency is very high.
• It can be used even for low speeds.
• It can transmit high torque values.
• It is compact in construction.

8. Application and Benefits of Engines.
• Applications:-An engine is some machine that converts energy from a fuel to some
mechanical energy, creating motion in the process. Engines - such as the ones used to run vehicles -
can run on a variety of different fuels, most notably gasoline and diesel in the case of cars.
• Benefits :-Less Maintenance. Diesel engines have fewer moving parts in them than a
gasoline engine. ...
• More Fuel Efficient. Diesels have a compression-ignition system that is highly efficient. ...
• More Torque and Horsepower. ...
• Lower Fuel Prices.
• That's because pushrod engines typically use two valves per cylinder, which improves air velocity. At
low rpm, when the airflow is more restricted, having only two valves for air to flow through speeds
up the flow of the intake air. Higher air velocity leads to better combustion and, ultimately, more
torque. High pressure steam also has the advantage that engines can be much more compact. The
significance is that engines could be developed that were small enough and powerful enough to
propel themselves while doing useful work; steam power for transportation became a practicality.

9. Reasearches
• Internal combustion (IC) engines operating on fossil fuel oil provide about 25% of the
world’s power (about 3000 out of 13,000 million tons oil equivalent per year, and in
doing so, they produce about 10% of the world’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
.Reducing fuel consumption and emissions has been the goal of engine researchers
and manufacturers for years, as can be seen in the two decades of ground-breaking
peer-reviewed articles published in this International Journal of Engine
Research (IJER). Indeed, major advances have been made, making today’s IC engine
a technological marvel. However, recently, the reputation of IC engines has been dealt
a severe blow by emission scandals that threaten the ability of this technology to
make significant and further contributions to the reduction of transportation sector
emissions. In response, there have been proposals to replace vehicle IC engines with
electric-drives with the intended goals of further reducing fuel consumption and
emissions, and to decrease vehicle GHG emissions.
•

10. conclusion
Hence we concluded and research
on Gears and Engines.
Dilkap research institute of Engineering and management Studies