Tools that are used to diagnose diseases in laboratory and household.

1. 2XXX
Diagnostic tools
for disease
evaluation.

2. SYEDA MAHEEN FATIMA 2021-D-PHARM-3027
HAMZA TARIQ 2021-D-PHARM-5002
ALI HUSSAIN 2021-D-PHARM-5007
MINAHIL SHAHID 2021-D-PHARM-5011
AHMAD SHAFIQ 2021-D-PHARM-5012
DANIAL SOHAIL 2021-D-PHARM-5014
DROOB IDREES 2021-D-PHARM-5018

3. Contents
 X-ray scanner  Blood Analyzer
 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scanner
 Urine Analyzer
 Computer axial tomography (CT or CAT)
scanner
 Blood pressure monitors
 Biopsy
 Spirometers
 Positron emission tomography (PET)
scan
 Ophthalmoscopes
 Ultrasound

4. X Ray Scanner
01
2XXX

5. X ray Scanner
Diagnostic imaging technique that produces images of bones, providing clear detail of the
bony structure.
CT, radiography, and fluoroscopy all work on the same basic principle: an X-ray beam is
passed through the body where a portion of the X-rays are either absorbed or scattered by
the internal structures, and the remaining X-ray pattern is transmitted to a detector (e.g., film
or a computer screen) for recording or further processing by a computer.

7. Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) scanner
02
2XXX

8. is similar to an X-ray, but it is much more detailed. The test uses strong magnetic
fields and radio waves to take a picture of the inside of the body, allowing your
doctors to see your muscles, nerves, bones and other organs.
Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to
form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI
scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to
generate images of the organs in the body
MRI scanner is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie inside the tube
during the scan. An MRI scan can be used to examine any part of the body.

10. Computer axial
tomography (CT or CAT)
scanner
03
2XXX

11. Computer axial tomography (CT or CAT)
Is another kind of X-ray that produces several cross-sectional images of specific areas of
a scanned object, allowing doctors to see inside the object without cutting. The test
assists doctors in finding blood clots, tumours, infections and other diseases and
conditions.
A medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the
body.
CT scanners use a rotating X-ray tube and a row of detectors placed in a gantry to measure X-
ray attenuations by different tissues inside the body. The multiple X-ray measurements taken
from different angles are then processed on a computer using tomographic
reconstruction algorithms to produce tomographic (cross-sectional) images (virtual "slices") of
a body. CT scan can be used in patients with metallic implants or pacemakers, for
whom magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is contraindicated.

13. Positron emission
tomography (PET) scan
04
2XXX

14. Test uses a nuclear-medicine functional-imaging technique to observe
metabolic processes in the body, such as blood flow, oxygen use and sugar
(glucose) metabolism, to diagnose disease. A small amount of radioactive
glucose (sugar) is injected into the patient’s vein and a scanner is used to make
detailed computerised images of areas inside the body where glucose is taken
up. Since cancer cells often take up more glucose than normal cells, the
pictures can be used to detect cancer cells in the body.

16. Comparison
Image Use Capacity
X Ray
Scan
2D See bones and
detect cancer and
pneumonia.
One direction
CT Scan
3D Conditions in organs
and soft tissue.
360 Degree
MRI Scan 3D Scan the spine,
brain, breasts,
muscles and
abdomen
Cross section
images

17. Biopsy
05
2XXX

18. Medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional
cardiologist. a procedure to remove a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from your body so that
it can be tested in a laboratory. You may undergo a biopsy if you're experiencing certain signs
and symptoms or if your health care provider has identified an area of concern.

19. Ultrasound
06
2XXX

20. 2XXX
Test employs high-frequency sound waves to capture live images from the
inside of the body. The test can detect abnormalities with organs, vessels and
tissues. This painless procedure is very common and utilises a probe that’s
passed over the surface of the skin. A gel is applied to the skin to maximise
contact between the probe and the skin and produce better-quality images.
The sound waves produce an echo, which is translated into a series of
detailed images that appear on the screen during the procedure.

22. Blood Analyzer
(Hemocytometer)
07
2XXX

23. Blood tests include complete blood count (CBC), blood typing and cross-matching, liver
function test (LFT), and kidney function test (KFT). Blood tests are used to diagnose
many conditions such as anemia (low levels of iron), anemia due to hemolytic disease
of newborns (HDN), iron deficiency anemia (IDA), etc.
Hematology analyzers are highly specialized computers that count the amount of red
and white blood cells, blood platelets, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels in a blood
sample. They include programmable automated alarm systems that signal outcomes
that are out of the reference range.

25. Urine Analyzer
08
2XXX

26. A urine analyzer is a device that does automatic urine testing in a clinical context. Bilirubin,
protein, glucose, and red blood cells are among the analytes that the units can detect and
quantify. Urine strip readers, a form of reflectance photometer that can process hundreds of
strips per hour, are found in several models.
Urine tests include a urine culture, urine microscopy, urine protein electrophoresis, etc. Urine is
collected from the patient in a sterile container and then tested for various parameters such as
glucose concentration, protein concentration, etc. Urine tests are used to diagnose various
urinary tract infections like cystitis, urethritis, etc.

28. Blood pressure
monitors
09
2XXX

29. This is used to measure blood pressure in the heart and arteries by inflating a cuff
around a patient’s arm, restricting blood flow through the artery near the elbow joint
(brachial artery). Then, a stethoscope-like device called oscillometric
sphygmomanometer senses arterial pulse waves produced as blood flows past it
during each heartbeat (systolic phase) before returning back into the heart during the
diastole phase).

30. Spirometers
10
2XXX

31. Used to measure lung function to diagnose obstructive lung diseases such as asthma,
emphysema, or restrictive. This equipment measures lung function by measuring air passage into
and out of the lungs. The spirogram will identify two different types of abnormal ventilation patterns,
obstructive and restrictive.
The main piece of equipment used for basic Pulmonary Function Tests is a spirometer (PFTs). The
tests can rule out lung illnesses such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. A spirometer is also
commonly used to determine the cause of shortness of breath, examine the influence of pollutants
on lung function, assess the effect of medication, and evaluate the disease treatment progress.
Spirometers come in various shapes and sizes and can measure in various ways (pressure
transducers, ultrasonic, water gauge).

33. Ophthalmoscopes
11
2XXX

34. Ophthalmoscopes are handheld instruments that allow a doctor to see inside a patient’s
fundus. This diagnostic instrument is frequently utilized in physical or outpatient tests. The
pupil is a hole through which the inside of the eye can be seen. Dilating the pupil (opening
it wider) is a simple and effective approach to better examine the structures behind it.
As a result, medicated eye drops are frequently used to dilate the pupil (mydriasis) before
funduscopy. Although a dilated fundus examination is ideal, an undilated fundus
examination is more convenient and useful (albeit not as thorough) and is the most
prevalent type in primary care. Fundus photography is an alternative or supplement to
ophthalmoscopy, and a specialist can analyze the image afterward. Ophthalmoscopes
can help diagnose:
Bacterial infections
Detached retinas4
Glaucoma

36. CREDITS: This presentation template was
created by Slidesgo, including icons by
Flaticon, infographics & images by Freepik
Thanks!
Do you have any questions?
2XXX