PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
Electromagnetic
Induction
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Ms Nirmala Aditya Sharma
PGT Physics XII Science

CERTIfICATE
This is to certify that ADITYA SHARMA,
student of CLASS 12th
, K. V. NO:4,
JALANDHAR CANTT has completed the
project titled “ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION” under my guidance and
completed it to my satisfaction. To the best of
my knowledge, the present work is the result of
his original investigation and study.
Ms Nirmala
PGT Chemistry

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me a great pleasure to express my
gratitude towards our physics teacher Ms
NIRMALA for his guidance, support and
encouragement throughout the duration of the
project. Without his motivation & help, the
successful completion of this project would not
have been possible. I would also like to express
my gratitude to the lab assistant Mr. GURMEET
SINGH for his support .

TABLE Of CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Objective
 Apparatus required
 Theory
 Conclusion
 References

INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
It is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a
magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to
produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors and many
types of electrical motors and generators. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using the concept of lines of
force. These equations for electromagnetic induction are
extremely important since they provide a means to precisely
describe how, many natural physical phenomena in our
universe and behave.
The ability to quantitatively describe physical phenomena
not only allows us to gain a better understanding of our
universe, but it also makes possible a host of technological
innovations that define modern society. Understanding
Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function
because of the principles behind Faraday’s law. From
natural phenomena, such as the light we receive from the

sun, to technologies that improve our quality of life, such as
electric power generation, Faraday’s law has a great impact
on many aspects of our lives.
(a)Representation of magnetic fields inside a solenoid
(b) Cross-sectional view
Faraday’s law describes electromagnetic induction.
Whereby an electric field is induced, or generated by a
changing magnetic field.
In Faraday’s first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction, he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring or ‘torus’ to induce current.
Faraday’s law is a single equation describing two different

phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a magnetic
force on a moving wire, and the transformer EMF generated
by an electric force due to a changing magnetic field.
Electromagnetic Induction

APPARATUS REQUIRED
 Insulated Copper wire
 An iron rod
 A strong magnet
 A light emitting Diode (LED)

OBJECTIVE
To determine the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a
strong magnet.
THEORY
The magnetic flux ( or B) through a surface is the
component of the magnetic field passing through the
surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb), and the
COGS unit is maxwell.

Magnetic flux is usually measured with a flux meter, which
contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluate the
change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux.
If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing
through a surface of vector area S is
Where is the magnitude of magnetic field having the unit
of Wb/m2
(T). is the area of the surface and is the angle
between magnetic field lines and the normal.
For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the

magnetic flux through a small amount of area where we
may consider the magnetic field to be constant.
From the magnetic vector potential and the
fundamental theorem of the curl, the magnetic field
may be defined as
where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the
surface, which is denoted as
LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction states that
“The induced electromotive force in any closed surface is
equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic
flux through the circuit.”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds true only when

the closed circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire, and is
invalid in other circumstances as discussed below. A
different version, the Maxwell-Faraday equation is valid in
all circumstances.
The magnetic flux ( ) changes due to the change in magnetic
field.
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction states that the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy
available per unit charge that travels once around the
wire loop.

Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured
by cutting the wire to create an open circuit. And
attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to Lorentz force law,
And the EMF of the wire loop is
where (i) is the electric field
(ii) is the magnetic field
(iii) is the infinite length along the wire
And the line integral is evaluated along the wire.

The Maxwell-Faraday equation states that a time
varying magnetic field is always accompanied by
spatially varying, non-conservative electric field and
vice versa. The Maxwell-Faraday equation is

CONCLUSION
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, first
observed and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-
nineteenth century, describes a very important
electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday’s
law is not hard to grasp. It relates an induced electric
potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic field. This
concept has many far reaching ramifications that touch
our lives in many ways: from shining of the sun to
electricity and power in our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s law has on
us.

REFERENCES
 LABORATORY MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY
www.wikipedia.com
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.scienceforall.com
 www.100scienceprojects.com
 Google images