Presentation By:
M.Adil

INTRODUCTION Of Kidney:
SYNONYMS :
1. Renal
2. Excretory Organ
3. Urinary Organ
Definition:
“The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the renal
system. They help the body pass waste as urine. They also
help filter blood before sending it back to the heart.”

Anatomical Position:
• The kidneys lie retroperitoneally (behind the
peritoneum) in the abdomen, either side of the vertebral
column.
• Right kidney is slightly lower than the left because the
liver occupies considerable space on the right side
superior to the kidney.
• The adrenal glands sit immediately superior to the
kidneys within a separate envelope of the renal fascia.

• They typically extend from T12 to L3, although the right kidney
is often situated slightly lower due to the presence of the liver.
Each kidney is approximately three vertebrae in length.

HEIGHT & WEIGHT:
• Each kidney is 11 cm (4-5”) long, 6 cm (2-3”) broad and
3cm(1”) thick, weight 150g in males and 135g in females.
3 Cm
11 Cm
6 Cm

Kidney Structure:
• The kidneys are encased in complex layers of fascia and
fat. They are arranged as follows (deep to superficial):
• Renal capsule – tough fibrous capsule.
• Perirenal fat – collection of extraperitoneal fat.

• Renal fascia (also known as Gerota’s fascia or perirenal
fascia) – encloses the kidneys and the suprarenal glands.
• Pararenal fat – mainly located on the posterolateral
aspect of the kidney.

Anatomical Relations:
The kidneys sit in close proximity to many other abdominal
structures which are important to be aware of clinically:
Left Kidney
Anterior Posterior
• Suprarenal gland
• Spleen
• Stomach
• Pancreas
• Left colic flexure
• Jejunum
• Diaphragm
• 11th and 12th ribs
• Psoas major, quadratus
lumborum and transversus
abdominis
• Subcostal, iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves

Right Kidney
Anterior Posterior
• Suprarenal gland
• Liver
• Duodenum
• Right colic flexure
• Diaphragm
• 12th rib
• Psoas major, quadratus
lumborum and transversus
abdominis
• Subcostal, iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves

The kidneys are retroperitoneal.Certain areas of each
kidney are covered in anteriorly by peritoneum
whereas others are "bare“.
Peritoneal relations:

Internal Structure of the
Kidney:

Protection of the Kidneys
• 3 layers of
connective tissue:
– Inner layer- Renal
capsule
– Middle layer-
Adipose capsule
– Outer layer-Renal
fascia
Renal cortex
Retroperitoneal space
15

3 layers of tissue surrounds the each
kidney
DEEP LAYER ( RENAL CAPSULE )is a smooth
transparent sheet of dense irregular connective
tissue that continous with the outer coat of the
ureter. It serves as barrier against trauma and
helps to maintain the shape of kidney.

• Middle layer: the adipose capsule : is a mass
of fatty tissue surrounding the renal capsule. it
also protects the kidney from trauma.
• Superficial layer: renal fascia is another thin
layer of dense irregular connective tissue that
covers surrounding structures and to the
abdominal wall.

GROSS STRUCTURE OF
THE KIDNEY
Longitudinal section there are 3 areas.
1. Fibrous capsule
2. Cortex
3. Medulla

Renal Fibrous capsule
• It surrounds the kidneyandmadeupofdense
connectivetissue

Cortex And Medulla
• the kidneys have an intricate and unique
structure. The renal parenchyma can be
divided into two main areas – the
outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex
extends into the medulla, dividing it into
triangular shapes – these are known as renal
pyramids.

• The apex of a renal pyramid is called a renal
papilla. Each renal papilla is associated with a
structure known as the minor calyx, which
collects urine from the pyramids. Several minor
calices merge to form a major calyx. Urine passes
through the major calices into the renal pelvis, a
flattened and funnel-shaped structure. From the
renal pelvis, urine drains into the ureter, which
transports it to the bladder for storage.
• The medial margin of each kidney is marked by a
deep fissure, known as the renal hilum. This acts
as a gateway to the kidney – normally the renal
vessels and ureter enter/exit the kidney via this
structure.

Arterial And Venous
Supply Of Kidney

Lymphatics Of Kidney
• Lymph from the kidney drains into the lateral aortic (or para-aortic)
lymph nodes, which are located at the origin of the renal arteries.

Innervation of the kidney
• The renal plexus is located around the renal
artery and contains postganglionic fibers from
the sympathetic nervous system (Th10 to L2).
The nerve fibers from the plexus enter the
kidney with the branches of the renal artery
and regulate the vascular tone and the
secretion of renin.
• The renal function is not dependent of the
above mentioned innervation, as shown with
the renal function after renal transplantation
(complete transsection of the innervation).
Most of the renal functions are regulated by
hormones.

Muscles Attached To
Kidney
 QUADRATUS LUMBORUM MUSCLE
 ILLIACUS MUSCLE
 PSOAS MAJOR MUSCLE

Functions Of Kidney
1. Urine Formation.
2. Excretion Of Waste Products.
3. Regulation of electrolytes.
4. Regulation of Acid and Base
5. Control of water balance
6. Control of Blood Pressure
7. Renal Clearance
8. Regulation of blood cell production
9. Synthesis of Vitamin D to Active form
10. Secretion of Prostaglandins

HYPOPLASIA ECTOPIC KIDNEY
HORSE SHOE PCKD PANCAKE KIDNEY
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF Kidney:

Kidney Disorders And
Renal Failure
• Glomerulonephritis
• Pyelonephritis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Urinary tract infections
• Kidney Stones and Renal Failure

Treatment Of Renal
Failure
1. Dialysis.(the clinical purification of blood by
dialysis,as a substitute for the normal
function of the kidney.)
2. Kidney Transplant.

Kidney And COVID-19
• Coronavirus directly attacks the kidneys
• Coronavirus infiltrates the body by binding to a type of receptor on cells
called ACE2
• These special receptors are found not only in cells in the heart and lungs,
but also in kidneys
• ACE2 Receptors docking sites for the virus
• Body is unable to deliver enough oxygen to organs
• The damage could also be the result of the virus's effects on the blood,
which can lead to clots.
• Kidneys filter blood through thousands of tiny capillaries, which are
highly susceptible to clots.

Thank You..!!