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Scaling
Diameter



                Acme Packet
01/06/12   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com   1
Scaling Diameter for LTE
Scaling Diameter for LTE
•   Introduction
•   What is Diameter and Why it is important
•   What it means for operators and vendors
•   Market projections
•   Diameter signaling controller requirements
•   Role of Centralized Routing Databases
Introductions
• Greg Collins, Exact Ventures

• Kevin Mitchell, Acme Packet

• Glenn Marschel, NetNumber
What is Diameter?
• Next generation signaling protocol, replacing
  SS7
• Exchange subscriber profile data between
  fundamental core network elements/systems:
  – IMS
  – EPC
  – Billing systems
  – Roaming exchanges
Why is Signaling & Diameter
               Important?
• Since LTE has a relatively flat architecture, the
  core network is more exposed to
  signaling, than with 3G, which has an RNC.

• Network outages and/or poor performance
  – Increases churn
  – Destroys brands
Diameter Signaling Controllers
• New product category, encompassing
  DEA, DRA, protocol translation, other
  functions.
• More efficient, scalable, and reliable Diameter
  networks
• Many dimensions for growth:
  – Subscribers
  – Voice and Data usage/sessions
  – Dynamic billing and policy applications
  – Roaming
Diameter Signaling Controllers
• Multi-billion dollar market opportunity
  – New product category
  – Major technology transition
  – Continued strong organic growth in signaling


• High degree of vendor activity
  – Very early days; Accelerating RFI/RFP activity
  – Much more entry and consolidation to come
Diameter
signaling
controller
requirements

Oct 2012   Kevin Mitchell
           @mitchellkp
           kmitchell@acmepacket.com
Diameter Underpins the
Monetization of LTE
Attachment/registration                            Mobility/tracking




Authentication & authorization                 Authentication & authorization




Data and voice sessions                                 Roaming




            QoS & charging
                                                   AAA, charging & QoS
Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
Diameter signaling pain points
          Visited                                                      Home
     service provider                                             service provider
                                               Interoperability


                                                 Overload &
                                                 downtime




                                                  Network
                                                  opacity


                                                  Network
                                                 complexity


Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
Outages are costly –
to top line and to brand




Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
Introducing
Diameter Signaling Controllers
    All Diameter interfaces & applications
       •    Authentication                            Service provider
       •    Location/mobility                          HSS, OCS, PCR             IPX/
       •    QoS                                           F nodes              roaming
       •    Charging                                                              hub
       •    LTE data and VoLTE roaming

    Provides critical signaling controls
                                                        MME, PDN                Visited
       •    Security                                                            service
                                                       GW, GGSN, CS
       •    Traffic & congestion control                  CF, AS               provider
       •    Interoperability & mediation
       •    Routing & aggregation
       •    Reporting & analysis

•     Fulfill key standards                               DSCs enable successful
       •    RFC 3588 Diameter agent                       transition to LTE & IMS
       •    3GPP Diameter Routing Agent (DRA)
                                                      • Lowers total cost of ownership
       •    3GPP Subscriber Location Function (SLF)
       •    GSMA Diameter Edge Agent (DEA)            • Accelerates time to market
                                                      • Mitigates risk


Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
Where DSCs are needed:
  Core and Edge

             • Voice roaming
                                                           IPX
             • Data roaming
                                                 MNO
Interconnect • Services
                                                                          MNO
               federation




                                                       Service provider
                                                        HSS, OCS, PCR
                         • Aggregation &                   F nodes
                           routing
                         • OCS proxy
     Core
                         • HSS/AAA proxy
                         • PCRF proxy
                                                         MME, PDN
                                                        GW, GGSN, CS
                                                           CF, AS


  Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
Key requirements

 Universal Diameter interface support

 Signaling security

 Overload and congestion controls

 Programmable L3-L5 interworking

 Dynamic and scalable Diameter routing

 Multi-vendor, end-to-end service
  management & operations


Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
Scaling DSCs with Centralized
Routing Databases
 Simplifies provisioning –
  eliminates silos                              PSTN
                                                                  Wholesale/
                                                                     IPX
                                                                                              MNO




 Highly scalable: 100s-1000s                          STP
                                                                                             Diameter
  of millions of entries                                                                      servers


                                                                    Routing
                                                                      DB
 Support for
  dynamic, complex routing                                        Registries

  decisions                                                       LCR   LNP   OSS
                                                                                            Diameter
                                                                                             clients

                                                                                           xCSCF




 Integration with legacy                      Fixed           Mobile
  routing databases
                                                             DB query           Diameter

 Extensible – SIP, multi-
  vendor, future applications
                                                                                    SIP
                                                         SOAP/XML

Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
Role of CRDB in NGN

 Centralized Routing and
   Database Services
Common Data – Multiple Applications
• SIP Services, DIAMETER services, TDM services
   – All need access to shared/common routing data
• Common Routing Data
   –   Subscriber data
   –   Portability-data
   –   Code-range data
   –   MVNO data (Virgin Mobile)
   –   OTT data (GoogleVoice)
   –   Carrier-ENUM data (IMS endpoints)
   –   Routing policy data (Route-list for destinations)
        • Internal routing
        • Trusted interconnect partner routing
        • Least cost interconnect routing
Common Data – Multiple Applications
                                      Portability Data
                                     Code-Range Data
                                Subscriber Assignment Data
                                       Carrier-ENUM
                             Interconnect Trunk-Group Profiles
                                    MVNO destinations
                              OTT destinations (Google Voice)
MULTIPLE                       Geographic destinations (LCR)                              MULTIPLE
  DATA                              Local Routing Policy                                    DATA
SOURCES            L                                                                      SOURCES
                 We ocal                                                      ery AP
                   b,     p                                                 qu P, IN
                      File rovis                                        ral
                          , S ion                                    fer , MA
                             OA ing
                                P/X                               Re AIN
                                    ML                              M,
                                                             E   NU

                                               CRDB
                       (ENUM, SIP, INAP, MAP, CAP, WIN, DIAMETER)



                            STP                 DRA                  S-CSCF

                                 Connection Management Services


   C4/C5   MSC         SMS/MMS           MGCF         DEA           pCSCF        AS/TAS    SBC

                                         Network Edge Services


                                CONVERGED TDM & IMS NETWORK
Key Issues To Consider
• In-Switch Routing Model is Costly
   –   Provision common data into every switch
   –   Learn routing database model for every switch
   –   Staff routing experts for every switch
   –   Fix routing inconsistencies across multiple platforms
• CRDB Model is a Strategic Decision
   – We’ve been living with cost of in-switch routing model for past
     100-years. Obviously we can continue.
   – Switching to a centralized model requires some strategy vision
     to avoid the costs of the old model.
   – Introduction of IMS-Core and DIAMETER services are
     opportunity to switch to a centralized model
        • Reduced network complexity (lower operating costs)
        • Faster service deployment (faster revenue generation)
        • Enhanced routing options (improved quality)
Additional Resources

                Blog Post: The Next Generation Signaling
                 Core for LTE and IMS
                White Paper: Scaling Diameter in LTE and
                 IMS




Oct. 2012   Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com

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Scaling Diameter for LTE

  • 1. Scaling Diameter Acme Packet 01/06/12 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com 1
  • 3. Scaling Diameter for LTE • Introduction • What is Diameter and Why it is important • What it means for operators and vendors • Market projections • Diameter signaling controller requirements • Role of Centralized Routing Databases
  • 4. Introductions • Greg Collins, Exact Ventures • Kevin Mitchell, Acme Packet • Glenn Marschel, NetNumber
  • 5. What is Diameter? • Next generation signaling protocol, replacing SS7 • Exchange subscriber profile data between fundamental core network elements/systems: – IMS – EPC – Billing systems – Roaming exchanges
  • 6. Why is Signaling & Diameter Important? • Since LTE has a relatively flat architecture, the core network is more exposed to signaling, than with 3G, which has an RNC. • Network outages and/or poor performance – Increases churn – Destroys brands
  • 7. Diameter Signaling Controllers • New product category, encompassing DEA, DRA, protocol translation, other functions. • More efficient, scalable, and reliable Diameter networks • Many dimensions for growth: – Subscribers – Voice and Data usage/sessions – Dynamic billing and policy applications – Roaming
  • 8. Diameter Signaling Controllers • Multi-billion dollar market opportunity – New product category – Major technology transition – Continued strong organic growth in signaling • High degree of vendor activity – Very early days; Accelerating RFI/RFP activity – Much more entry and consolidation to come
  • 9. Diameter signaling controller requirements Oct 2012 Kevin Mitchell @mitchellkp kmitchell@acmepacket.com
  • 10. Diameter Underpins the Monetization of LTE Attachment/registration Mobility/tracking Authentication & authorization Authentication & authorization Data and voice sessions Roaming QoS & charging AAA, charging & QoS Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
  • 11. Diameter signaling pain points Visited Home service provider service provider Interoperability Overload & downtime Network opacity Network complexity Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
  • 12. Outages are costly – to top line and to brand Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
  • 13. Introducing Diameter Signaling Controllers  All Diameter interfaces & applications • Authentication Service provider • Location/mobility HSS, OCS, PCR IPX/ • QoS F nodes roaming • Charging hub • LTE data and VoLTE roaming  Provides critical signaling controls MME, PDN Visited • Security service GW, GGSN, CS • Traffic & congestion control CF, AS provider • Interoperability & mediation • Routing & aggregation • Reporting & analysis • Fulfill key standards DSCs enable successful • RFC 3588 Diameter agent transition to LTE & IMS • 3GPP Diameter Routing Agent (DRA) • Lowers total cost of ownership • 3GPP Subscriber Location Function (SLF) • GSMA Diameter Edge Agent (DEA) • Accelerates time to market • Mitigates risk Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
  • 14. Where DSCs are needed: Core and Edge • Voice roaming IPX • Data roaming MNO Interconnect • Services MNO federation Service provider HSS, OCS, PCR • Aggregation & F nodes routing • OCS proxy Core • HSS/AAA proxy • PCRF proxy MME, PDN GW, GGSN, CS CF, AS Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
  • 15. Key requirements  Universal Diameter interface support  Signaling security  Overload and congestion controls  Programmable L3-L5 interworking  Dynamic and scalable Diameter routing  Multi-vendor, end-to-end service management & operations Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
  • 16. Scaling DSCs with Centralized Routing Databases  Simplifies provisioning – eliminates silos PSTN Wholesale/ IPX MNO  Highly scalable: 100s-1000s STP Diameter of millions of entries servers Routing DB  Support for dynamic, complex routing Registries decisions LCR LNP OSS Diameter clients xCSCF  Integration with legacy Fixed Mobile routing databases DB query Diameter  Extensible – SIP, multi- vendor, future applications SIP SOAP/XML Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com
  • 17. Role of CRDB in NGN Centralized Routing and Database Services
  • 18. Common Data – Multiple Applications • SIP Services, DIAMETER services, TDM services – All need access to shared/common routing data • Common Routing Data – Subscriber data – Portability-data – Code-range data – MVNO data (Virgin Mobile) – OTT data (GoogleVoice) – Carrier-ENUM data (IMS endpoints) – Routing policy data (Route-list for destinations) • Internal routing • Trusted interconnect partner routing • Least cost interconnect routing
  • 19. Common Data – Multiple Applications Portability Data Code-Range Data Subscriber Assignment Data Carrier-ENUM Interconnect Trunk-Group Profiles MVNO destinations OTT destinations (Google Voice) MULTIPLE Geographic destinations (LCR) MULTIPLE DATA Local Routing Policy DATA SOURCES L SOURCES We ocal ery AP b, p qu P, IN File rovis ral , S ion fer , MA OA ing P/X Re AIN ML M, E NU CRDB (ENUM, SIP, INAP, MAP, CAP, WIN, DIAMETER) STP DRA S-CSCF Connection Management Services C4/C5 MSC SMS/MMS MGCF DEA pCSCF AS/TAS SBC Network Edge Services CONVERGED TDM & IMS NETWORK
  • 20. Key Issues To Consider • In-Switch Routing Model is Costly – Provision common data into every switch – Learn routing database model for every switch – Staff routing experts for every switch – Fix routing inconsistencies across multiple platforms • CRDB Model is a Strategic Decision – We’ve been living with cost of in-switch routing model for past 100-years. Obviously we can continue. – Switching to a centralized model requires some strategy vision to avoid the costs of the old model. – Introduction of IMS-Core and DIAMETER services are opportunity to switch to a centralized model • Reduced network complexity (lower operating costs) • Faster service deployment (faster revenue generation) • Enhanced routing options (improved quality)
  • 21. Additional Resources  Blog Post: The Next Generation Signaling Core for LTE and IMS  White Paper: Scaling Diameter in LTE and IMS Oct. 2012 Acme Packet | www.acmepacket.com

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. There are more than 85 Diameter interfaces defined by the 3GPP and related standard bodies. These interfaces cover a range of network functions and is heavily used in IMS. With all LTE mobile networks, there are even more interfaces and transactionsDiameter signaling relates to network attachment and service delivery Data services – Internet, video, etc.VoIP and IMS servicesNetwork attachmentLocation updatesRoamingDiameter signaling relates toAuthenticationAuthorizationLocation/mobility trackingCharging/credit checksQoS/bandwidth-based admission controlNew attachmentsResets: UE crashes, battery swaps, etc.Power on after a few hours: plane trips, turn off for the nightRegister to LTE network and IMSTracking updates: moving aroundVoice and data sessions (bearer creation and teardown)Web surfing, email, videoVoLTE, RCS (IMS)QoS and charging interfacesRoaming: data and VoLTEAuthentication to visited networkAuthorization of servicesCharging and QoS policies
  2. Customers are embarking on IP migration in the core. They are doing it to reduce costs (vs TDM) and enable new services and business models. But they leave behind some key aspects of the PSTN that result in challenges in the IP realm. Plus TEMs push solutions that are overly complex or costly. The chief challenges they face in this migration areLimited scalability – the volume of messages and Diameter transactions for authentication, mobility updates and each voice or data session can be huge. The processing load on Diameter elements can impact the ability to scale individual elements as well as the network at large. Complex provisioning and routing – given the number of elements, where they are located and how they must interconnect, the programming of route tables and the effective routing of messages in a network can be daunting to provision, maintain and change as the network grows. This complexity is costly in two areas: it results in an opex nightmare and slows down growth.Service availability is impacted by overload and network failure – the servers involved in processing various authentication, QoS or charging functions are not equipped to deal with spikes in volume; this can impact quality or availability of services. Elements as well as network data centers can also be taken out of serv iceLack of visibility – the ability to collect and correlate all messages with the number of elements and vendors and volume of transactions is formidable if not impossible; the information from these messages is critical for network planning, troubleshooting and daily operations.Multi-vendor interoperability – while Diameter is a standard, there are numerous interpretations of that standard as IMS and LTE has evolved and as more vendors enter the market. There are also differences in networks, such as transport protocol or IP version, that can cause incompatibility and transaction failures. Multi-vendor environments are long known for interoperability problems that add extra time or costs to an initial deployment and ongoing operations. The lack of interoperability hinders freedom of choice for service providers.
  3. I-DSC is like an I-SBC connecting disparate retail and wholesale service providers together. This includes roaming and federation with OTT/MVNO providers. A C-DSC like a SRP, routing and aggregating Diameter traffic internal to a single operator. Core DSC applications extend to:Charging – online and offline (OCS proxy)QoS – bandwidth reservation and modification (PCRF proxy)Subscriber authentication and authorization (HSS proxy)Mobility and location updates (AAA proxy)HSS – Home Subscriber ServerPCRF – Policy Charging Rules Function
  4. Routing of Diameter messages: flexible routing policies allow messages to be accepted or rejected depending upon source, destination, message type, and message value, thereby allowing the application of business logicDiameter signaling normalization: AVPs, and grouped AVPs can be normalized similar to SIP HMR, through the use of regular expression matching. AVPs can be removed, inserted, and modified. In addition, transport layer interworking between SCTP and TCP is performed automatically between ingress and egress interfaces, as is IPv4 to IPv6 conversion.Comprehensive security: Load limiting controls, including load balancing, and message rate limiting are extremely important to protect vulnerable Diameter elements. In addition, DDoS controls can be applied in order to stop out-of-control Diameter elements, such as new MME software loads that may exhibit bad (i.e. massively high rates of signaling) traffic under corner conditions.Comprehensive management: allows isolation and troubleshooting of Diameter issues within the network
  5. Again, Benefits to Acme Packet Sales teamsDrive SBC, DSC, SR salesFills product gap and levels competitive landscape