It is a topic about nano tecnology

1. Course Title “NANOPHYSICS AND NANOTECHNNOLGY”
BS Physics (4 years)
8th Semester
GDC Shabqadar

2. Nanophysics and Nanotechnology
“Nano” is a Greek word means “dwarfs” small size
Nanophysics
The physics which deals with the study of materials in nanometer range (1-100 nm), called
as nanophysics and the materials refers as nanomaterial or nanostructures
1 nm= 10^-9 m
1 nanometer is one billionth of a meter.
Nanoscience
It is the study of atoms, molecules and objects whose size is up to nanometer scale
Nanotechnology
The technique of designing, production of devices and systems by controlling the shape
and size at nanometer scale

3. There’s plenty of rooms
or space at the bottom”

4. Millimetre scale (1 m = 1000 mm)
ant and flea
• 5 mm
• 3mm
• 1mm
http://www.nation
alinsectweek.co.uk
/resources/buzz_a
nt_06.pdf
www.nanotec.org.uk/report/chapter2.pdf
http://commons.wikim
edia.org/wiki/File:Dros
ophila_melanogaster_-
_front_(aka).jpg

5. Micrometre scale (1 mm = 1000 µm)
eye of a fruit fly and a red blood cell
• 400 µm
• 8 µm
http://www.molbio1.princeton.edu/facility/confocal/sem/imagelist1.html
www.mta.ca/dmf/blood.htm

6. Nanometre scale (1 µm = 1000 nm) – viruses & DNA
• 50 – 100 nm • 2 nm
http://www.gala-instrumente.de/images/deben_CCD_DNA.jpg
www.answers.com/topic/virus

7. The application of nanostructures into useful devices
The applied side of Nano-science
Classification of nanomaterials
On the basis of their size and geometry, nanomaterials are classified into the following structures:
1. Zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials
The structures with all of their dimensions in the nanoscale range i.e. <100 nm, called as Zero
dimensional nanomaterials
Examples: Nanoparticles, Quantum dots

8. 2. One-dimensional(1D) nanomaterials
Those nanomaterials whose two dimensions are in the nanoscale and one in the macro-scale
They have elongated structures
Examples: Nanorods, nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes
3. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials
Those structures/materials which have one dimension in the nanometer range and two
dimensions in the macroscale. These nanostructures materials have few nm thick sheets of
different lengths and widths
Examples: Nano-sheet, Nano-layers, Nano-film

9. 4. Three dimensional nanomaterials
Those structures which have all of its dimensions in macro-scale
Or Particle

10. Fabrication of nanomaterials
A rapid growth in the field of nanotechnology has been seen in the past three decades
and is enabled by the sustained advances in fabrication and characterization of
increasingly smaller structures. Nanomaterials are generally fabricated by two
approaches, referred to as “top-down” and “bottom up”

11.  Top-down approach
In the top-down method a bulk or large homogeneous is object divided and sub divided as needed
to create smaller-scale structures. Several methods have been used to fabricate this type of
nanomaterials such as lithography, high energy ball milling, sputtering, implantation and laser
method.

12.  Bottom-up approach
In bottom-up approach, a complex and large system of nanomaterials are formed by the
combination of individual atoms and molecules, which are held together by stronger covalent
forces. Fabrication techniques utilizing this approach include electrical deposition, sol-gel,
cluster precipitation, anodizing and atomic layer deposition method. Both approaches are
schematically shown in fig.

14. Applications of Nanotechnology

15. • Electrospinning has been employed for the synthesis of NaCo2O4
nanofibers
• Electrospinning is simplest, versatile, time and cost effective
technique for synthesis of continuous and uniform nanofibers
Synthesis of 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒐𝟐𝑶𝟒 Nanofibers via Electrospinning
Synthesis
Solution
Preparation
Electrospinning
Drying and
Calcination

16. Solution Preparation
Precursors
• Cobalt 𝐼𝐼 Acetate Tetrahydrate
𝐶𝑜 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂 2.4𝐻2𝑂
• Sodium Acetate Trihydrate
NaCH3COO. 3𝐻2𝑂
• Ethanol & DIW (Solvents)
• PVP (Polymer)

17. Electrospinning
• The final and homogeneous viscous
solution was loaded in 10 ml
polyethylene syringe having 24 Gauge
stainless steel needle
• 20 KV DC power supply
• The positive terminal attached to the
needle and negative terminal to the
aluminum foil used as collector
• Distance between the tip of the needle
and Collector was fixed at 14 cm

18. Drying and Collection of Composite Nanofibers
Indigenously developed
Electrospinning setup (MRL)
High performance
oven used for drying
composite nanofibers
at 100 ºC
Composite nanofibers
collected after drying
for further calcination
(a)
(c)

19. Effect of PVP Concentration
Beads + non-uniform branch
full Nanofibers
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
PVP = 0.5 g PVP = 0.5 g
PVP = 1.5 g
PVP = 1 g
Fig. (a, b)
Smooth + uniform Nanofibers
with avg. diameter = 170 nm
Fig. (c)
Smooth + uniform Nanofibers
but with large avg. diameter =
260 nm
Fig. (d)