3. Research is a thorough study of a certain
problem, its possible causes, and finding out
which of the possible solutions is the most
effective. It is, therefore, a scientific investigation
or inquiry. As a scientific investigation, it has its
own language.

4. Theory
Explanation that offers to classify, organize, explain,
predict and/or understand the occurrence of specific
phenomena. The theory has to make sense of reality or
what is actually happening in a society.
Conceptualization
A concept, which may be in form of issue, object, phenomenon or problem,
represents an aspect of reality. Before a research can start, the concept
must first be taken from its conceptual level to an observational level.

5. Operationalization
This process is converting an abstract idea, notion or
concept into a measurable item.
Variables
There are two types of variables: Dependent and Independent.

9. A hypothesis is a statement which states or
describes the expected relationship between the
independent variables. It is an educated guess
about the relationship between variables.

10. Research Hypothesis
This is the foundation or basis of a research project. It
may be stated positively or negatively.
Null Hypothesis
This is a statement saying that no relationship exists between the
dependent and independent variables. The objective of a research is to
disapprove the null hypothesis.

11. Rival Hypothesis
This is a statement that offers an alternative
prediction for the research findings in case the null
hypothesis or the research hypotheses are rejected.
Testing Hypothesis
This is the subject of the
research.
Tested Hypothesis
This is the result of an
observation.