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Sampling
- 1. UNIT-3 Sampling 3.1) Concept of population and sample 3.2) Steps and characteristics of a good sample 3.4) Various types of sampling
- 2. Population , we mean aggregate of individuals . A population is any group of individuals that have one or more characteristics in common that are of interest to the researcher. Sample A sample is a small proportion of a population selected for observation and analysis . Sampling A Sampling is that method in which data is collected from the sample of items selected from population and conclusion are drawn from them .
- 3. Statement of the of the study Definition of the population to be sampled Determining the Data to be collected Methods of Measurement Choice of sampling unit Selection of sample Organization of field work Summary and analysis of Date Information gained for future surveys
- 4. Representativeness Adequacy Independence Homogeneity lack of Bias Smallness in size Accuracy and completeness
- 5. Merits And Demerits of Sampling MERITS Reduced cost Greater speed Greater scope Greater accuracy Organization of convenience Intensive and Exhaustive Data DEMERITS Chances of Bias Difficulties in selecting a truly representative sample Need for specialized knowledge Changeability of Units Impossibility of sampling
- 8. It is that method in which each item of the universe has an equal chance of being selected in the sample. All the units must be clearly defined. The units should equal in size. once selected, the units should be discarded. All the units of should be independent of each other. It can be drawn by several methods :- a.)Lottery method b.) Fisher and Yates methods
- 9. This method is used when the units of the universe are heterogeneous rather than homogeneous. First of all units of population are divided into strata in accordance with their characteristics. Stratum should be clear cut and free from overlapping. If a stratum is perfectly Homogeneous selection of even a few items from it is enough.
- 10. It is dawn by selecting every nth item from the population. Items are systematically arranged. The units are selected at equal intervals It easier and speedier to draw without a mistake. Almost give accurate result.
- 11. It is used in large scale survey for a more comprehensive investigation. The researcher may have to use two-three or four stage sampling. it is more convenient, less time consuming and less expensive. This method is recommended only when it would be impracticable to draw random sample.
- 12. It has all members from randomly sample. This is used when the population falls into naturally occurring subgroups. The universe is divided into many groups. It is easy and more practical method which facilitates the field work.
- 13. Merits And Demerits of Probability Sampling MERITS It gives equal chance to every item of population. It is more representative of population. Result are more reliable. Method of selection should be independent. The units should be DEMERITS Data can not be update, adequate and complete. Size of the population is very large. It is not feasible to make sampling frames. It is costly in terms of money and time.
- 14. QUOTA SAMPLING JUDGEMENT SAMPLING ACCIDENTA L SEMPLING CONVINENC E SAMPLING SELF – SELECTED SAMPLING
- 15. It is used in market surveys and opinion polls . Number to be selected from each stratum is known as quota. It permits the investigator to substitute one person for another in case of inability. They are instructed to obtain the required number to fill in each quota. The investigator select the individuals to collect information on their personal judgment with in the quotas.
- 16. The selection of the sample items depends on the judgment of investigator. This method is use full in those fields where almost similar units exists. He includes those items which he thinks are typical of the universe.
- 17. It is also known as incidental sampling. In this the researcher selects any case he comes across. In this the investigator uses readily available units. Non-parametric statistics may be used in analysis of result.
- 18. It is generally known as careless, unsystematic or opportunistic sampling. The sample is selected according to the convenience of the sampler. No pre-planning is necessary for the selection of items. This method is appropriate for sample because the list of sample units are not clear in themselves.
- 19. In this sample is not fixed The sample are actually by the investigator, the people offer themselves for selection. Those who care to respond to the sample come themselves. People come forward on their own to act as subjects of the study.
- 20. Merits And Demerits of Non- Probability Sampling MERITS It is convenient and quick and cost effective. Sample frame does not required . Sample size can be achieve clearly DEMERITS There is non data obtained . Sometimes the results does not represent the whole population. Sampling errors of such sample cannot be determined in such sample
- 21. Difference Between Probability and Non-Probability Sampling
- 22. Conti.... BASIS FOR COMPARISON PROBABILITY SAMPLING NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING Meaning Probability sampling is a sampling technique, in which the subjects of the population get an equal opportunity to be selected as a representative sample. Nonprobability sampling is a method of sampling wherein, it is not known that which individual from the population will be selected as a sample. Alternately known as Random sampling Non-random sampling Basis of selection Randomly Arbitrarily Opportunity of selection Fixed and known Not specified and unknown Research Conclusive Exploratory Result Unbiased Biased Method Objective Subjective Inferences Statistical Analytical Hypothesis Tested Generated Comparison Chart