In this ppt I have given a brief history of high rise building. A short narration of Historical Buildings have also been covered.

1. SKYSCRAPERS
Guided By:-
Er. Durga Charan Sahoo.
Presented by:-
Ashis Kashyap
110301CEL142
Civil Engg. ‘A’
8th Sem

2.  Definition
 History
 Design & construction
 Economic Rationale
 Environmental impact
 Future developments
 Conclusion
Contents

3. Definition
 A SKYSCRAPER is a tall, continuously habitable building of
many floors, usually designed for office, commercial and
residential use.
 Other names: High-rise building, Tower block, etc.
• No official definition for High-
rise or low rise
• However,
Up to 30 stories = Tower block or
High-rise
Beyond 50 stories = Skyscraper

4. Demand For Skyscrapers
 Scarcity of land in urban areas
 Increasing demand for business & residential space
 Economic growth
 Technological advancements
 Innovations in Structural systems
 Desire for aesthetics in urban settings
 Concept of city skyline
 Cultural significance & prestige
 Human aspiration to build higher

5. City Skyline
• A skyline is the artificial horizon
that a city's overall structure
creates.
• Skylines serve as a kind of
fingerprint of a city

6. History
Qutb Minar(73 meters) in India in
1368
Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt,
built in the 26th century BC (146 m)

7. Taj Mahal in India (73 m) in
1653
Lincoln Cathedral in England (83 m)
in 1088

8. EARLY SKYSCRAPERS

9. Ditherington Flax Mill (1796)
 Located in England
 Oldest iron framed
building in the
world
 It is seen as the
"grandfather of
skyscrapers“
 5 story tall building.

10. Home Insurance Building (1884)
 Location: Chicago, USA
 First tall building to be
supported, both inside
and outside, by a
fireproof metal frame
 Height: 42m

11. Flatiron Building (1902)
 Located in New york
 Considered to be a
groundbreaking skyscraper
 Steel-skeleton construction
 22 stories (285 feet) tall

12. Evolution of Skyscrapers
 In 1852 Elisha Otis introduced the safety
elevator
 Steel & RCC frame instead of stone or brick

13. Elisha Graves Otis (1811 – 1861)
 American industrialist,
founder of the Otis Elevator
Company
 In 1852 introduced the safety
elevator

14. Challenges
 Mobility (Elevator)
 Materials (Steel & RCC frame, Curtain wall)
 Heat (Air Conditioner, coated glass)
 Speed of Construction (Prefabricated structure,
kangaroo crane, jump forming)
 Wind (inside frame to outside, extra skeleton, aero
dynamic)
 Earthquakes (flexible joints, taipe 101, polymer
slurry)
 Evacuation (fire resistant, refugee rooms, fire
resistant duct for pumping fresh air)

15. Willis Carrier (1876-1950)
 American engineer
 best known for inventing
modern air conditioning
 Founder Carrier
Corporation

16. Modern Skyscrapers

17.  Built with steel or reinforced
concrete frameworks and curtain
walls of glass or polished stone
 Mechanical equipment such as
water pumps and elevators.
 1930 onwards, skyscrapers began
to appear around the world

18. Design & Construction

19.  It involves creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall
buildings
 Support self weight, resist wind & earthquakes & fire
protection
 Balance between Economics, engineering &
construction management
Basic design considerations

20. Basic design considerations
 Loading & vibration
 Shear walls
 Steel frame
 Tube structural systems
 Trussed tube & x-bracing
 Bundled tube
 The elevator conundrum

21. Economic rationale

22.  High Land price in cities

23. Environmental impact

24.  Steel, concrete and glass needed is large
 Skyscrapers are energy intensive buildings
 Skyscrapers have a long lifespan, for example
the Empire State Building in New York
City completed in 1931 and is still in active
use
 Consumes a lot of electricity (pumps,
elevators, ventilation & AC, lighting)

25. World’s Top Skyscrapers

26. World trade center (1972-2011) in New York city (417 m, 110 floors)

27. Willis Tower (1974) in
Chicago (442 m, 108 floors)

28.  Burj Khalifa (2010) in Dubai,
UAE (828 m, 163 floors)

29. Future developments

30.  Ping'an International Finance Center started in
Shenzhen, China (115 floor, 660 m)
 Wuhan Greenland Center started in late 2012 in
Wuhan, China (124 floor, 636 m)
 Shanghai Tower started on 2008 (127 floor, 632 m)
 World one in Mumbai (442 m)

31. Conclusion
• Tall structures always existed since historic time made
by humans.
• Many technological advancements happened in the
structural systems, materials & construction
technology.
• Advanced technology lead to build even taller
structures.
• Human aspiration to build even taller structures shows
“sky is the limit”.

32. Tha
nk
you!