10. 2 H 1 / 2 O 2 (from food via NADH) 2 H + + 2 e – 2 H + 2 e – H 2 O 1 / 2 O 2 Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP ATP ATP Electron transport chain Free energy, G (b) Cellular respiration + Figure 9.5 B

18. A closer look at the energy payoff phase 6. G3P is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to form NADH & the energy from this causes a P to bind to G3P changing it to 1,3-diphosphoglycerate 7. 1,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphorylates an ADP to form ATP and becomes 3-phosphoglycerate 8. 3-phosphoglycerate rearranges into 2-phosphoglycerate 9. 2-phosphoglycerate goes through a dehydration reaction and becomes PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) 10. another substrate level phosphorylation reaction producing ATP changes PEP into pyruvate Redox reaction 2 ATP produced – phosphorylation 2 ATP produced – phosphorylation Water lost 2 NAD + NADH 2 + 2 H + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P i 2 P C CHOH O P O CH 2 O 2 O – 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase CH 2 O P 2 C CHOH 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase O – C C CH 2 OH H O P 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H 2 O 2 O – Enolase C C O P O CH 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate kinase O – C C O O CH 3 2 6 8 7 9 10 Pyruvate O Figure 9.8 B

23. Figure 9.12 1. acetyl CoA enters the cycle, CoA is removed and the remaining 2C acetyl group is bound to oxaloacetate (which is 4C), making citrate (a 6C molecule) 2. a redox reaction produces an NADH and releases one C as CO 2 changing citrate into alpha-ketoglutarate (a 5C molecule) 3. another redox reaction and substrate level phosphorylation produces an ATP, another NADH and CO 2 , changing alpha-ketoglutarate into succinate (a 4C molecule) A closer look at the citric acid cycle = intermediate molecule (short lived) Acetyl CoA NADH Oxaloacetate Citrate Malate Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA  -Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle S CoA CoA SH NADH NADH FADH 2 FAD GTP GDP NAD + ADP P i NAD + CO 2 CO 2 CoA SH CoA SH CoA S H 2 O + H + + H + H 2 O C CH 3 O O C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 HO C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – COO – CH 2 HC COO – HO CH COO – CH CH 2 COO – HO COO – CH HC COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – 1 2 3 Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation NAD + + H + ATP Citric acid cycle Figure 9.12

27. Anatomy of a mitochondria

29. Electron movement – Inner Membrane NADH donates 2 electrons Mitochondrial Matrix Intermembrane 2 H+ Ubiquinone Electrons passed 1 H+ at a time cytochrome c 1 electron at a time 4 H+ Four electrons must be transferred to the oxidase complex in order for the next major reaction to occur 2 H20 3 H+ to synthesize one ATP from the substrates ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate). FADH2 donates another electron

42. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate H H H H H OH OH HO HO CH 2 OH H H H H O H OH HO OH P CH 2 O P H O H HO HO H HO CH 2 OH P O CH 2 O CH 2 O P HO H HO H OH O P CH 2 C O CH 2 OH H C CHOH CH 2 O O P ATP ADP Hexokinase Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Glycolysis 1 2 3 4 5 CH 2 OH Oxidative phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Figure 9.9 A 2 NAD + NADH 2 + 2 H + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P i 2 P C CHOH O P O CH 2 O 2 O – 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase CH 2 O P 2 C CHOH 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase O – C C CH 2 OH H O P 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H 2 O 2 O – Enolase C C O P O CH 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate kinase O – C C O O CH 3 2 6 8 7 9 10 Pyruvate O Figure 9.8 B

43. CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NADH + H + NAD + 2 3 1 CO 2 Coenzyme A Pyruvate Acetyle CoA S CoA C CH 3 O Transport protein O – O O C C CH 3 Figure 9.10

44. Acetyl CoA NADH Oxaloacetate Citrate Malate Fumarate Succinate Succinyl CoA  -Ketoglutarate Isocitrate Citric acid cycle S CoA CoA SH NADH NADH FADH 2 FAD GTP GDP NAD + ADP P i NAD + CO 2 CO 2 CoA SH CoA SH CoA S H 2 O + H + + H + H 2 O C CH 3 O O C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 HO C COO – CH 2 COO – COO – COO – CH 2 HC COO – HO CH COO – CH CH 2 COO – HO COO – CH HC COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 COO – COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – CH 2 CH 2 C O COO – 4 5 Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation NAD + + H + ATP Citric acid cycle Figure 9.12

45. Oxidative phosphorylation. electron transport and chemiosmosis Glycolysis ATP ATP ATP Inner Mitochondrial membrane H + H + H + H + H + ATP P i Protein complex of electron carners Cyt c I II III IV (Carrying electrons from, food) NADH + FADH 2 NAD + FAD + 2 H + + 1 / 2 O 2 H 2 O ADP + Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H + ), which create an H + gradient across the membrane Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow Of H + back across the membrane ATP synthase Q Oxidative phosphorylation Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Figure 9.15