1. Africa, India, and the Changes and Exchanges
New British Empire in Africa
1750–1870
1750–
New Africa States Muslim States in Africa
► Serious drought hit the coastlands of southeastern Africa in ► In West Africa movements to purify Islam led to the
the early nineteenth century construction of new states through the classic Muslim
This led to conflicts over grazing and farming lands. pattern of jihad.
During these conflicts Shaka used strict military drill and close-
close- ► The largest of these reform movements occurred in the
combat warfare in