1.
The need for GBaaS as GPS/GNSS is no longer a reliable source for
critical PNT infrastructure
Nino De Falcis, sr. director, sync business development Americas, Oscilloquartz
Jan 24, 2023 | Long Beach, CA | 5:10-5:30P (Session A1) | ION ITM/PTTI 2023

2.
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2
• PNT stands for Positioning, Navigation & Timing. Timing enables P & N
• Protect defense/industry critical infrastructure (CI) against PNT services disruption from frequent
GPS & network timing attacks – GPS, commercial or M-Code, is a single point of failure & can no
longer be considered as a sole reliable source for PNT services in CI
• Deploy resilient, multisource and survivable PNT assurance systems
• Target critical infrastructure sectors under national security threats
• Use published resilient PNT guidelines & standard in progress
• DHS Resilient PNT Conformance Framework
• NIST Cybersecurity Framework for PNT Profile
• IEEE P1952 Resilient PNT for User Equipment Standard working group
Driven by US Federal Executive Order 13905
The new resilient PNT mandate & standard
Power grids Finance Transportation
DoD
Communications
DoD Data centers

3.
C5ISR - Command, Control, Communications, Computers,
Cyber, Intelligence, Surveillance & Reconnaissance
DISA/DISN
Army
Air Force
Navy
Space Force
C5ISR
land
sea
air
Data Centers
space
Current C5ISR Center is the concept of supporting the Army’s combat capabilities with reliable & real-time
information for tactical battlefield decisions. Secure, resilient & synchronized datacomms support critical land,
sea, air & space missions
network
Centralized

4.
JADC2 – Joint All-Domain Command & Control
DoD/DISN
Army
Air Force
Navy
Space Force
land
sea
air
Neural Data
Centers
space
Future JADC2 is the concept to connect sensors & weapons from all branches of the armed forces into a unified
network powered by AI. Tactical networks will utilize 5G/5G ORAN capabilities for ubiquitous high-speed connectivity,
to move massive data to connect distant sensors into a dense & resilient battlefield network. Low-latency &
synchronized datacomms will enable next-gen connected unmanned/autonomous weapons systems across all domains
5G
network
Core
Backhaul
Mid/Fronthaul
Edge/Mobile
C5ISR
JADC2
Decentralized
AI
5G
5G
5G

5.
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5
UNDER REVIEW
What are the PNT threats & GPS vulnerabilities?
jamming
environmental
satellite
attacks
adjacent-band transmitters
spoofing
External GPS/GNSS level
RARE
PNT threats
COMMON
GPS/GNSS
degradation
causes
sat ground
station
space
debris
Figure 4.1 – Known GPS vulnerabilities to telecom (updated)
RARE
Cyberattacks
Internal network level
COMMON
NTP
PTP
/ /
client clock
boundary
clock
network
interference
GPS/GNSS
receiver

6.
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6
Are GPS/PNT threats real?
Oct 27, 2022
Jan 21, 2022
Disruption “lasted for 33.5 hours. Wireline and cellular providers had
timing backup systems and were unaffected. A radio system withno
backups suffered, as did a simulcast radio system that used rubidium
backup clocks”
March19, 2022
Oct 19, 2022

7.
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7
TaaS+GBaaS solution for DoD’s zero-trust PNT strategy for all domain branches
New PNT requirements
• DoD zero-trust strategy “never
trust, always verify”
• GPS cannot be a single point
of failure in critical PNT services
• Secure, resilient & assured PNT
with six 9’s reliability
• DHS Resilient PNT guideline
specifies the use of multiple
sources vs. user’s risk profile
• PNT capability with end-to-end
defense-in-depth
resiliency
Next-gen PNT applications
• Resilient & assured PNT for all combat domains (land, sea, air, space)
• Secure & synchronized multidomain tactical datacomms
• Accurate timing for real-time DISN/C5ISR information network
• Synchronized JADC2 network powered with AI & 5G/5G ORAN
• Precise timing for connected sensors/radars (event trigger/timestamp)
Resilient & assured PNT solution
• GPS TaaS+GBaaS (Time-as-a-Service + GPS-Backup-as-a-Service)
concept
Defense network timing requirements, applications & solution
GPS/Mcode
Diversified/Encrypted LEO PNT
Surveillance
DISN
AI
Unified JADC2 battlefield network of AI/5G-connected sensors & weapons

8.
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8
ITU-T standard-based GPS TaaS+GBaaS systems
PRTC (G.8272 A/B)
Frequency + phase
GPS (Mcode too)
Grandmaster time server
PRTC A accuracy: 100ns | PRTC B: 40ns
ePRTC* (G.8272.1)
Frequency + phase
Cs
backup
Validator+
Combiner
Grandmaster time server
network
ePRTC accuracy: 30ns
network
NTP PTP NTP PTP
PTP PTP
Cesium (Cs) backup
*enhanced
Primary
Reference
Time Clock
TaaS
GPS
Other sources
GBaaS

9.
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9
PPS/PPS+ToD
10 MHz
BITS
SyncE
PTP/NTP
GPS TaaS+GBaaS configuration & performance
GPS/Mcode
Receiver
GPS/Mcode
antenna
Smart multisource
clock validator &
combiner
Grandmaster
time server
Optical Cesium
clock backup
ePRTC (G.8272.1)
(functional diagram)
GPS receiver+ Combiner functions integrated into the
Grandmaster
Other sources Time/Phase holdover if GPS/Mcode goes down
ePRTC: 100ns over 55 days
1µs over 4 months
14 days
Time error
100ns
30ns
Short-term GPS backup holdover performance
Long-term GPS backup holdover performance
35ns
Masks
IRIG
GPS/Mcode

10.
Implementing a GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture in MIL networks/data
centers with resilient & assured PNT services, to support secure
5G/DISN/C5ISR/JADC2 applications with high reliability
GPS/Mcode
Diversified/Encrypted LEO PNT
Surveillance
DISN
AI
Unified JADC2 battlefield network of AI/5G-connected sensors & weapons

11.
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11
WAN network
Networkwide
Sync Mgmt
packet LAN network
GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture in MIL networks/data centers
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-1)
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-2)
PTP failover backup
cross reference monitoring
1
2
GM-2*
NTP
1
*GPS/Mcode NTP/PTP
Grandmaster Time Server
GM-1*
Cesium, eLoran, LEO
PNT, etc.
+/-30ns
GPS/Mcode
3
PTP PTP
PNT backup
sources
Servers/VMs running critical
JADC2 battlefield applications
AI-based timing
management

12.
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12
Networkwide
Sync Mgmt
WAN network
packet LAN network
GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture in MIL networks/data centers
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-1)
MIL Network Node/
Data Center (Site-2)
PTP failover backup
1
2
GM-2*
1
GM-1*
Cesium, eLoran, LEO
PNT, etc.
+/-30ns
GPS/Mcode
PNT backup
sources
PTP PTP
4
NTP 5 6
ms accuracy µs accuracy ns accuracy
Slaved NTP client
software with sync
monitoring
Slaved PTP client
software with sync
monitoring
Server-pluggable GPS
Grandmaster time card
with sync monitoring
3
cross reference monitoring
AI-based timing
management

13.
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13
Managing GPS TaaS+GBaaS architecture for zero-trust PNT services
Intelligent timing management system with multilevel fault-tolerance for
end-to-end control, visibility & self-survivability
geolocation Site-1 & Site-2
PTP backup assurance
from core GM-1
timing chain alert with Cesium/
PTP backup rearrangements
core GM-1 alert with Cesium backup + PTP backup to GM-2
timing topology with
Cesium/PTP backup
GPS
attack
vendor-
agnostic
analytics for
GPS assurance
trusted PTP
backup
Cesium backup
GM-2 alert with PTP
backup from GM-1
Site-2
Site-1
Site-2
Site-1
GM-2
GM-2 GM-1
trusted
PTP
ePRTC
Site-1/
GM-1
Site-2/
GM-2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Networkwide
Sync Mgmt
8 AI-based timing
management

14.
Thank you
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