2010 abim foundation forum bibliography

2010 ABIM FOUNDATION FORUM

Transforming Medical Education and Training
Meeting the Needs of Patients and Society

Bibliography of Selected Resources

General background articles compiled by ABIM Foundation staff

ABIM Foundation, ACP Foundation, European Federation of Internal Medicine. Medical
professionalism in the new millennium: a physician charter. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(3):243-
246.

Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education. The ACGME Outcomes Project: an
introduction. Chicago: Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education; 2005.

Alliance for Health Reform. Access to care: beyond an insurance card. Washington, DC:
Alliance for Health Reform; 2009.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Compact between resident physicians and their
teachers. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2006.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Striving toward excellence: faculty diversity in
medical education. Washington, DC: AAMC Diversity Policy and Programs; 2009.

Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada. The future of medical education in Canada
(FMEC): a collective vision for MD education. Ottawa: AFMC; 2010.

Baron R. Medicine cut off from its roots: context matters in medical education. Health Aff.
2008;27(5):1357-1361.

Boelen C, Heck JE. Defining and measuring the social accountability of medical schools.
Geneva: World Health Organization; 1995.

Cohen J, Cruess S, Davidson C. Alliance between society and medicine: the public's stake in
medical professionalism. JAMA. 2007;298(6):670-673.

Commonwealth Fund Commission on a High Performance Health System. Framework for a high
performance health system for the United States. New York: The Commonwealth Fund; 2006.

Cooke M, Irby D, O'Brien B. Educating physicians: a call for reform of medical school and
residency. Stanford: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; 2010. *

Cooke M, Irby DM, Sullivan W, Ludmerer KM. American medical education 100 years after the
Flexner Report. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(13):1339-1344.

Coulehan J. Today's professionalism: engaging the mind but not the heart. Acad Med.
2005;80:892-898.

Cruess R, Cruess S. Expectation and obligations: professionalism and medicine's social contract
with society. Perspect Biol Med. 2008:51(4):579-98.

*Asterisk denotes works that were not available in PDF format.
Page 1 of 14

Faulkner LR, McCurdy RL. Teaching medical students social responsibility:
the right thing to do. Acad Med. 2000; 75(4):346-350.

Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada: A report to the Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. New York: Carnegie Foundation for the
Advancement of Teaching; 1910.

Heifetz R, Linsky M. Leadership on the line. Boston: Harvard Business Press; 2002. *

Humphrey HJ, Levinson D, Smith L. The medical school on the university campus:
20th-century legacy and 21st-century aspirations. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):273-282.

Institute of Medicine Committee on the Health Professions. Health professions education: a
bridge to quality. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2003.

Inui T. The social contract and the medical school's responsibilities. In: White KC, JE, editor. The
medical school's mission and the population's health: medical education in Canada, the United
Kingdom, the United States, and Australia. New York; Springer-Verlag: 1992.

Inui T. A Flag in the Wind: Educating for professionalism in medicine. Washington DC;
Association of American Medical Colleges: 2003.

Irby DM, Cooke M, O’Brien BC. Calls for reform of medical education by the Carnegie
Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching: 1910 and 2010. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):220-227.

Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation. Who will provide primary care, and how will they be trained? New
York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation; 2010.

Kirch DG. The Flexnerian legacy in the 21st Century. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):190-192.

Kohn LT, ed. Academic health centers: leading change in the 21st century. Washington, DC:
Institute of Medicine, The National Academies Press; 2003.

Lee PR, Franks PE. Diversity in U.S. medical schools: revitalizing efforts to increase diversity in
a changing context, 1960s-2000s. San Francisco: Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy
Studies; 2009. *

Lewkonia R. The missions of medical schools: the pursuit of health in the service of society.
BMC Med Ed 2001;1(1):4.

Lucey C, Souba W. Perspective: the problem with the problem of professionalism. Acad Med.
2010;85(6):1018-1024.

Lucian Leape Institute Roundtable on Reforming Medical Education. Unmet needs: Teaching
physicians to provide safe patient care. Boston: National Patient Safety Foundation; 2010.

Ludmerer K. Development of American medical education from the turn of the century to the era
of managed care. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;422:256-262.

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Ludmerer KM, Johns MME. Reforming graduate medical education. JAMA. 2005;294(9):1083-
1087.

Ludmerer K. Understanding the Flexner report. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):193-196.

McCurdy L, Goode LD, Inui TS, Daugherty RMJ, Wilson DE, Wallace AG, et al. Fulfilling the
social contract between medical schools and the public. Acad Med.1997;72(12):1063-70.

McCowan RJ, Wegenast DP. Defining competence. Buffalo, NY: Center for Development of
Human Services; 1998.

Medical Education Futures Study. The teaching health center roundtable – preparing residents for
primary care practice. Washington, DC: Medical Education Futures Study; 2009.

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Medical education in the United States: supporting
long-term delivery system reform. In: MedPAC June 2009 report to the Congress. Washington,
DC: Medicare Payment Advisory Commission; 2009.

Miller BM, Moore DEJ, Stead WW, Balser JR. Beyond Flexner: a new model for continuous
learning in the health professions. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):266-272.

Morris CG, Chen FM. Training residents in community health centers: facilitators and barriers.
Ann Fam Med. 2009;7(6):488-494.

Morrison G, Goldfarb S, Lanken PN. Team training of medical students in the 21st century:
would Flexner approve? Acad Med. 2010;85(2):254-259.

Mullan F, Chen C, Petterson S, Kolsky G, Spagnola M. The social mission of medical education:
ranking the schools. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152(12):804-811.

Muller D, Meah Y, Griffith J, Palermo AG, Kaufman A, Smith KL, et al. The role of social and
community service in medical education: the next 100 years. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):302-309.

Nasca TJ, Day SH, Amis ES, Jr., the ACGME Duty Hour Task Force. The new recommendations
on duty hours from the ACGME Task Force. N Engl J Med. 2010; Published at www.nejm.org
June 23, 2010.

Nasca TJ, Heard JK. Commentary: trust, accountability, and other common denominators in
modernizing medical training. Acad Med. 2010;85(6):932-934.

O'Connell MT, Pascoe JM. Undergraduate medical education for the 21st century: leadership and
teamwork. Fam Med. 2004 Jan;36 Suppl:S51-6.

Pololi L, Kern DE, Carr P, Conrad P, Knight S. The culture of academic medicine: faculty
perceptions of the lack of alignment between individual and institutional values. J Gen Intern
Med. 2009 Dec;24(12):1289-95. Epub 2009 Oct 16.

Rabow MW, Remen RN, Parmelee DX, Inui TS. Professional formation: extending medicine's
lineage of service into the next century. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):310-317.

Page 3 of 14

Saxton J. The medical education of physicians. Washington, DC: National Health Policy Forum;
2010.

Smith LG. New medical schools in the United States forces of change past and present. Trans
Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2009;120:227–238.

Sullivan LW, Suez Mittman I. The state of diversity in the health professions a century after
Flexner. Acad Med. 2010;85(2):246-253.

Swensen SG et al. Cottage industry to postindustrial care: the revolution in health care delivery.
N Engl J Med. 2010:362(5):e12(1)-e12(4).

Whitcomb ME. Commentary: Flexner Redux 2010: Graduate Medical Education in the United
States. Acad Med. 2009;84(11):1476-1478.

Wynia M. The Short and Tenuous Future of Medical Professionalism: the erosion of medicine's
social contract. Perspect Biol Med. 2008; 51(4): 565-78.

Page 4 of 14

References from Forum Presentations

Kimball Lecture

American Medical Association. Principles of medical ethics. JAMA. 1957;164(13):1482.

McCullough L. The ethical concept of medicine as a profession. In Kenny NP, Shelton WN, eds.
Lost virtue: professional character development in medical education. Advances in Bioethics,
Volume 10. Oxford: Elsevier; 2006. *

Nasca TJ, Blank L. Social justice. In Spandorfer, Rattner, Pohl and Nasca, eds. Case studies in
medical ethics. a primer for medical students. Cambridge University Press: 2009. *

Pellegrino ED. Character Formation and the Making of Good Physicians. In Kenny and Shelton ,
eds. Lost virtue: professional character development in medical education.
Advances in Bioethics, Volume 10. Oxford: Elsevier; 2006. *

Rawls J. Justice as Fairness. J Phil. 1957;54(22):653-662.

Plenary Session: Directions in Medical Education and Training

Cooke M. Cost consciousness in medical care: what is medical education’s responsibility? N Eng
J Med. 2010: 362(14):1253-1255.


Kirch DG, Vernon DJ. The ethical foundation of American medicine: in search of social justice.
JAMA. 2009;301(14):1482-1484.

Kirch DG. The healthcare innovation zone: a platform for true reform. JAMA. 2010;303(9):874-
875.

Plenary Session: Description of Early Adopters of Innovations

Kegan R, Lahey LL. How the way we talk can change the way we work: seven languages for
transformation. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2006. *

Kegan R, Lahey LL. Immunity to change. Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing
Corporation; 2009. *

Scharmer CO. Executive Summary. Theory U: Leading from the Future as It Emerges. San
Francisco: Berret-Koehler Publishers; 2009.

Page 5 of 14

References from Forum Publications

Draft Principles of the Social Compact for Medical Education and Training

Cruess RL, Cruess SR. Teaching medicine as a profession in the service of healing. Acad
Med.1997;72(11):941-52.

McCurdy L, Goode LD, Inui TS, Daugherty RMJ, Wilson DE, Wallace AG, et al. Fulfilling the
social contract between medical schools and the public. Acad Med. 1997;72(12):1063-70.

Swensen SG et al. Cottage industry to postindustrial care: The revolution in health care delivery.
N Engl J Med. 2010:362(5):e12(1)-e12(4).

Forum Innovator Guide

Assessment Processes

- Evaluation of Core Competencies at Baseline: How Can This Information be Used?

Janus JC, Hamstra SJ, Colletti L, Lypson ML. A postgraduate orientation assessment at the
University of Michigan. Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education Bulletin. 2006.

Lypson ML, Frohna JG, Gruppen LD, Woolliscroft JO. Assessing residents’ competencies at
baseline: identifying the gaps. Acad Med. 2004;79(6):564-570.

Lypson ML, Gosbee JW, Andreatta P. Assessing the patient safety knowledge and experience of
trainees. Med Ed. 2008;42(11):1133 -1134.

Lypson ML, Hamstra SJ, Colleti LM. Using OSCEs to teach WHO patient safety solutions. Med
Ed.2008;42(5):523-524.

Lypson ML, Hamstra SJ, Gauger PG, Del Valle J, Gosbee JW, Colleti LM. The institutional
response to patient safety. Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education Bulletin.
2007:8-12.

Lypson ML, Hamstra SJ, Ross PT, Gruppen LD, Colleti LM. An assessment tool for aseptic
technique in resident physicians: a journey toward validation in the real world of limited
supervision. J Grad Med Educ. 2010;2(1):85-89.

Wagner D, Lypson ML. Centralized assessment in graduate medical education: cents and
sensibilities. J Grad Med Educ. 2009;1(1):21-27.

- Milestones of Competency in Graduate Medical Education

American Board of Internal Medicine. Milestones framework [Internet]. Philadelphia: American
Board of Internal Medicine; c2004-2010 [cited 2010 June 3]. Available from:
http://www.abim.org/milestones/public/.

Green ML, Aagaard EM, Caverzagie KJ, Chick DA, Holmboe E, Kane G, et al. Charting the road
to competence: developmental milestones for internal medicine residency training. J Grad Med
Educ. 2009;1(1):5-20.

Page 6 of 14

Competencies Beyond Knowledge

- Achieving the Systems Based Practice (SBP) Competency by Implementing a Web- Based
Business of Medicine Curriculum

Harkins D, Butz DA, Taheri PA. A new prescription for healthcare leadership.
J Trauma Nurs. 2006;13(3):126-130. *

- An Assessment of an Educational Intervention on Resident Physician Attitudes, Knowledge
and Skills Related to Adverse Event Reporting

Mayer D, Klamen DL, Gunderson A, Barach P. Designing a patient safety undergraduate medical
curriculum: the Telluride Interdisciplinary Roundtable experience. Teach Learn Med.
2009;21(1):52 - 58.

- Impact of an Interprofessional Central Venous Catheter Insertion Training Program

Barsuk JH, McGaghie WC, Cohen ER, O’Leary KJ, Wayne DB. Simulation-based mastery
learning reduces complications during central venous catheter insertion in a medical intensive
care unit. Crit Care Med. 2009;37(10):2697-2701. *

Evans L, Dodge K, Shah T, Hamann C, Lin Z, Osborne M, et al. Simulation training for central
venous catheter insertion on a partial task trainer improves skills transfer to the clinical setting.
2009 Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Annual Meeting Abstracts. Acad
Emerg Med. 2009;16(s1):s6. *

Leung J, Duffy M, Finckh A. Real-time ultrasonographically-guided internal jugular vein
catheterization in the emergency department increases success rates and reduces complications: a
randomized, prospective study. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;48(5):540-547.

Milling TJ Jr, Rose J, Briggs WM, Birkhahn R, Gaeta TJ, Bove JJ, et al. Randomized, controlled
clinical trial of point-of-care limited ultrasonography assistance of central venous cannulation: the
Third Sonography Outcomes Assessment Program (SOAP-3) trial. Crit Care Med.
2005;33(8):1764-1769. *

Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, Sinopoli D, Chu H, Cosgrove S, et al. An intervention to
decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355(26):2725-
2732.

- Milestones to Teach and Evaluate Handoffs

Arora VM, Johnson JK, Meltzer DO, Humphrey HJ. A theoretical framework and competency-
based approach to improving handoffs. Qual Saf Health Care. 2008;17(1):11-14.

- Patients and Families as Advisors: Enhancing Medical Education Curricula

Hanson JL, Randall VF. Patients as advisors: enhancing medical education curricula [Internet].
Bethesda, MD: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; 2006 [cited 2010 June 3].
Available from: http://www.usuhs.mil/med/paa/OverviewTOC.pdf.

Page 7 of 14

- Patient Safety: Internal Medicine Residents as Agents of Change

Internal Medicine Residency Training. Education Innovation Project: EIP – REACH [Internet].
Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana University School of Medicine. c2009 [updated 2009 May 11;
cited 2010 June 3]. Available from: http://medicine.iupui.edu/residency/program/eip/.

- Training Interprofessional Teams of Students and Health Professionals in Quality
Improvement

Hall LW, Headrick LA, Cox KR, Deane K, Gay JW, Brandt J. Linking health professional
learners and health care workers on action-based improvement teams. Qual Manag Health Care.
2009;18(3):194-201. *

Ogrinc G; Headrick LA; Morrison LJ; Foster T. Teaching and assessing resident competence in
practice-based learning and improvement. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19(5 Part 2):496-500.

Overall Redesign

- Innovations in Residency Training – Mid-Stride Findings from the P4 Project

Green LA, Jones SM, Fetter G Jr, Pugno P. Preparing the personal physician for practice:
changing family medicine residency training to enable new model practice. Acad Med.
2007;82:1220-1227.

- Structured Career-Centered Block Time in a Pediatric Residency Program

Ericsson KA. Deliberate practice and the acquisition and maintenance of expert performance in
medicine and related domains. Acad Med. 2004;79(supp):S70-S81.

Stockman JA 3rd, Freed GL. Adequacy of the supply of pediatric subspecialists: so near, yet so
far. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(12):1160-1161.

Professionalism/Culture

- The Miller-Coulson Academy of Clinical Excellence at Johns Hopkins Bayview
Medical Center

Christmas C, Kravet SJ, Durso SC, Wright SM. Clinical excellence in academia: perspectives
from masterful academic clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 Sep;83(9):989-994. *

Durso SC, Christmas C, Kravet SJ, Parsons G, Wright SM. Implications of academic medicine's
failure to recognize clinical excellence. Clin Med Res. 2009 Dec;7(4):127-133.

- Transforming the Culture of a Large Academic Medical Center: Where We’ve
Been, Where We Are, Where We’re Going

Brater DC. Viewpoint: infusing professionalism into a school of medicine: perspectives from the
dean. Acad Med. 2007 Nov;82(11):1094-1097.

Page 8 of 14

Cottingham AH, Suchman AL, Litzelman DK, Frankel RM, Mossbarger DL, Williamson PR,
Baldwin DC Jr, Inui TS. Enhancing the informal curriculum of a medical school: a case study in
organizational culture change. J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Jun;23(6):715-722.

Settings

- Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine

Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine. FIU
NeighborhoodHelp® [Internet]. Miami: Florida International University Herbert Wertheim
College of Medicine. c2010 [updated 2010; cited 2010 June 3]. Available from:
http://medicine.fiu.edu/students.php?ss=cs&sub=cc&resub=n

Rock JA, Simpson JL, Dambach G, O’Leary JP, Markham S, Bagby L, Seecharan K, Berkman
RM. Florida International University: development and accreditation of Miami’s public college of
medicine. Acad Med. 2009;84(10):1454-1458.

- The Ambulatory Long Block

Warm EJ. The long block: a systems-based innovation. Virtual Mentor. 2008;10(5):295-299.

Warm EJ, Schauer DP, Diers T, Mathis BR, Neirouz Y, Boex JR, Rouan GW. The ambulatory
long-block: an Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) Educational
Innovations Project (EIP). J Gen Intern Med. 2008 Jul;23(7):921-926.

Medical Education and Training: A Policy Update

Accreditation Council on Graduate Medical Education Outcome Project Advisory Committee.
General competencies. Chicago, IL: Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education; 1999.

American College of Physicians. The role of international medical graduates in the U.S. physician
workforce. 2008; Available from:
http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/where_we_stand/policy/img_paper.pdf

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Pub. L. 111-5. 2009.

Anderson GF, Greenberg G, Lisk CK. Academic health centers: Exploring a financial paradox.
Health Aff. 1999;18(2):156-167.

Association of American Medical Colleges. AAMC statement on the physician workforce. 2006;
Available from: http://www.aamc.org/workforce/workforceposition.pdf

Association of American Medical Colleges. Analysis in brief: Projections of future medical
school enrollment. 2008; Available from:
http://www.aamc.org/data/aib/aibissues/aibvol9_no3.pdf

Association of American Medical Colleges. Revenue of U.S. medical schools by source, fiscal
year 2008. 2009. Available from: http://www.aamc.org/data/finance/start.htm.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Results of the 2009 medical school enrollment
survey. 2010; Available from http://www.aamc.org/workforce/enrollment/enrollment2010.pdf.

Page 9 of 14

Brotherton SE, Etzel SI. Graduate medical education, 2008-2009. JAMA. 2009;302(12):1357-
1372.

Barzansky B, Kenagy G. The full-time clinical faculty: What goes around, comes around. Acad
Med. 2010;85(2):260-265.

Cooper LA, Roter DL, Johnson RL, Ford DE, Steinwachs DM, Powe NR. Patient-centered
communication, ratings of care, and concordance of patient and physician race. Ann Intern Med.
2003;139(11):907-915.

Cooper RA. Weighing the evidence for expanding physician supply. Ann Intern Med. 2004;
141(9):705-714.

Cooper-Patrick L, Gallo JJ, Gonzales JJ, Vu HT, Powe NR, Nelson C., et al.. Race, gender, and
partnership in the patient-physician relationship. JAMA. 1999; 282(6): 583.

Council on Graduate Medical Education. Sixteenth report: workforce policy guidelines for the
United States, 2000-2020. 2005; Available from: http://www.cogme.gov/report16.htm.

Council on Graduate Medical Education. Nineteenth report: enhancing flexibility in graduate
medical education. 2007; Available from: http://www.cogme.gov/19thReport/default.htm.

Department of Health and Human Services. FY 2009 Health resources and services
administration: justification of estimates for budget committees. 2009; Available from:
ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/about/budgetjustification09.pdf

Department of Veterans Affairs. Fact sheet: facts about the Department of Veterans Affairs.
2009; Available from: http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_department_of_
veterans_affairs.pdf

Erikson C. Specialty choice. Presented at the IM Specialties Preconference, 2009 AAMC
Physician Workforce Research Conference, Washington, DC. *

Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada: A report to the Carnegie

Goodman DC. Linking workforce policy to health care reform. Testimony presented at the Senate
Finance Committee hearing: Workforce issues in health care reform: assessing the present and
preparing for the future, 111th Cong; 2009.

Hauer KE, Durning SJ, Kernan WN, Fagan MJ, Mintz M., O'Sullivan PS, et al. Factors associated
with medical students' career choices regarding internal medicine. JAMA. 2008;300(10):1154-
1164.

Health Resources Services Administration. The physician workforce: projections and research
into current issues affecting supply and demand. 2009; Available from:
ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/bhpr/workforce/physicianworkforce.pdf .

Page 10 of 14

Health Resources Services Administration. Shortage designation: health professional shortage
areas (HPSAs). 2010; Available from: http://bhpr.hrsa.gov/shortage/primarycare.htm

Health Resources Services Administration Advisory Committee on Training in Primary Care
Medicine and Dentistry. The redesign of primary care with implications for training. 2010;
Available from: http://www.im.org/PolicyAndAdvocacy/PolicyIssues/Workforce/Documents/
8thReportFinal1-15-2010%20_2.pdf.

Herz EJ, Tilson S. Medicaid and graduate medical education. (Congressional Research Service
Report No. RS22842). 2009; Available from: http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RS22842_
20090217.pdf.

Hyer JL, Bazemore AW, Bowman RC, Zhang X., Petterson S, Phillips RL. Rural origins and
choosing family medicine predict future rural practice. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(2):207.

bridge to quality. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2003.

Institute of Medicine Committee on the Roles of Academic Health Centers in the 21st Century.
The roles of academic health centers in the 21st century: A workshop summary.Washington, DC:
The National Academies Press; 2002.

Institute of Medicine Committee on Implementing a National Graduate Medical Education Trust
Fund. On implementing a national graduate medical education trust fund. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press; 2004.

Institute of Medicine Committee on the Roles of Academic Health Centers in the 21st Century.
Academic health centers: Leading change in the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National
Academies Press; 2004.

Johnson T, Shah M, Rechner J, King G. Evaluating the effect of resident involvement on
physician productivity in an academic general internal medicine practice. Acad Med. 2008;83(7):
670-674.

Loertscher LL, Halvorsen AJ, Beasley BW, Holmboe ES, Kolars JC, McDonald FS.
Pharmaceutical industry support and residency education: a survey of internal medicine program
directors. Arch InternMed. 2010;170(4):356-362.

Lucian Leape Institute Roundtable on Reforming Medical Education. Unmet needs: Teaching
physicians to provide safe patient care. Boston: National Patient Safety Foundation; 2010.

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Report to the Congress: Medicare payment policy.
Washington, DC: MedPAC; 1998.

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Hospital Inpatient and Outpatient Services. In Report
to the Congress: Medicare payment policy. Washington, DC: MedPAC; 2002.


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Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Report to the Congress: Improving incentives in the
Medicare program. Washington, DC: MedPAC; 2009.

Medicare Payment Advisory Commission. Focusing graduate medical education financing on
educational priorities. Discussion conducted at the meeting of the Medicare Payment Advisory
Commission, Washington, DC. April 2010; Transcript Available from:
http://www.medpac.gov/transcripts/0401-0402MedPAC.final.pdf

National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare. Building a better Medicare for today
and tomorrow. 1999; retrieved from http://thomas.loc.gov/medicare/bbmtt31599.html.

New England Healthcare Institute, Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation. Remaking primary care: A
framework for the future. 2010; Retrieved from
http://www.nehi.net/publications/45/remaking_primary_care_a_framework_for_the_future.

Newhouse JP, Wilensky GR. Paying for graduate medical education: the debate goes on. Health
Aff. 2001;20(2):136.

Nicholson S, Song D. The incentive effects of the Medicare indirect medical education policy. J
Health Econ. 2001;20(6):909-933.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub. L. No. 111-148. 2010.

Reinhardt UE. Dreaming the American dream: once more around on physician workforce policy.
Health Aff. 2002;21(5):28.

Robert Graham Center. Specialty and geographic distribution of the physician workforce: What
influences medical student and resident choices? 2009; Available from: http://www.graham-
center.org/ online/etc/medialib/graham/documents/ publications/mongraphs-books/2009/rgcmo-
specialty-geographic.Par.0001. File.tmp/Specialty-geography-compressed.pdf

Robert Graham Center. The Robert Graham Center update: A primary care perspective on health
care workforce and expenditures. 2009; Available from:
http://www.graham-center.org/online/etc/medialib/graham/documents/publications/
presentations/2009/rgcps-slides-pdf.Par.0001.File.tmp/rgc-slides-3-09.pdf.

Saha S, Komaromy M, Koepsell TD, Bindman AB. Patient-physician racial concordance and the
perceived quality and use of health care. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(9):997-1004.

Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank
Q. 2005;83(3): 457-502.

Wynn B, Guarino C, Morse L, Cho M. RAND working paper: alternative ways of financing
graduate medical education. 2006; Available from:
http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/06/AltGradMedicalEdu/report.pdf

Young JQ, Coffman JM. Overview of graduate medical education funding streams, policy
problems, and options for reform. West J Med.1998;168(5):428-436.

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Trailing Winds and Personal Risk Tolerance: An External Perspective on the Opportunity
for Physician Educators to Fulfill Their Social Contract Permanently

ACGME Outcome Project Advisory Committee. General competencies. Chicago, Il:
Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education; 1999.

Association of American Medical Colleges. Educating doctors to provide high quality medical
care: a vision for medical education in the United States. Washington, DC: Association of
American Medical Colleges; 2004.

Bloom S. Structure and ideology in medical education: an analysis of resistance to change. Jnl
Hlth & Social Behavior. 1998;29:294-306.

Bohmer R, Leadership with a small “l”, BMJ 2010;340:c483. *

Bush R, Philibert I. Commentary: making sense: duty hours, work flow, and waste in graduate
medical education. J Grad Med Educ. 2009;2:322-326

Citizens Commission on Graduate Medical Education. The graduate education of physicians.
Chicago, Ill: American Medical Association; 1966.


Council on Graduate Medical Education. Physician education for a changing health care
environment. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 1999.

Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada: a report to the Carnegie

Graduate Medical Education: Report of the Commission on Graduate Medical Education.
Chicago, Ill: University of Chicago Press; 1940. *

Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee. Report of the Graduate Medical
Education National Advisory Committee to the Secretary, Department of Health and Human
Services. Volume 1: Summary. Hyattsville, MD: Health Resources Administration; 1980.

Hager M, Russell S, editors. Revisiting the medical educational mission at a time of great
expansion. New York: The Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation; 2009.

Institute of Medicine Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the quality
chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: The National Academies
Press; 2001.

bridge to quality. Washington DC; The National Academies Press:2003.

Institute of Medicine. Redesigning continuing education in the health professions. Washington
DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.

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