This presentation is similar to the version I gave at Silicon Valley Code Camp that can also be seen on Slideshare. This version introduced videos for Android 4.2 and Surface.
Visit http://last-child.com/mobile-accessibility/
1. Mobile Accessibility
Accessibility Camp - Toronto, 2012
Ted Drake, Intuit Accessibility
Saturday, November 17, 12
Hurdle race on snowshoes, Montreal, QC, 1892
2. • This presentation:
Slideshare.net/7mary4
• Photos from Flickr Commons
Saturday, November 17, 12
Wrestlers, McGill boxing, wrestling and fencing club, Montreal, 1925
3. Screen Reader
Saturday, November 17, 12
Screen readers are more than a text to speech engine.
They analyze the page/screen and create their own version of the structure. which allows the user to navigate via headers, form
inputs, landmarks, etc.
Popular screen readers are Narrator for windows 8, VoiceOver for Mac, TalkBack and ChromeVox for Android.
JAWS and NVDA are for windows desktop and should be available for Win8 mobile tablet.
Plastic sneeuwstormbeschermer / Face protection from snowstorms
5. Poutine Readers
Gravy
Curds
Taters
Saturday, November 17, 12
Screen readers, such as VoiceOver, TalkBack, and Narrator have three layers
The application sits on the bottom. The screen reader sits on top of this, like the curds. The
gravy is the user.
The screen reader interprets the input from gravy and output of the taters.
For automated testing, replace the gravy with software that recreates a user’s expectations.
6. Braille
Saturday, November 17, 12
Young woman and man braille reading on park bench http://www.flickr.com/photos/
center_for_jewish_history/4926954971/
Braille is a tactile alphabet for reading. Refreshable braille displays allow users to interact
with their mobile devices via bluetooth. iOS and Android’s Jellybean support braille output.
7. Cognitive Disabilities
Saturday, November 17, 12
The direct interaction between finger and input has made mobile devices accessible to those with cognitive disabilities. Apps, such as schedule reminders, help
those with memory loss due to traumatic brain injury.
Guided Access for iOS6 allows the user to focus on using only one app at a time. Good for ADD and cognitive disabilities.
Mobile apps in general are more focused and task oriented.
"Old Woman in a Shoe", from the Mother Goose Nursery Rhymes, Montreal, 1866-67
8. Low
Vision
Saturday, November 17, 12
Ice mask, C.T. Madigan, between 1911-1914 / photograph by Frank Hurley http://www.flickr.com/photos/statelibraryofnsw/
2963668712/
The following slide is an interview with Karo Caran about using the iPad with low vision.
11. Assistive Communication
Saturday, November 17, 12
this child uses Proloque2Go to communicate with his parents. This app uses icons to build
sentences and speak for the user. This replaces bulky, fragile equipment that can cost over
$4,000
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tp2ROyyyqjo Toddler with apraxia Asking for Cheese and Cracker on Ipad with Proloquo2Go and ASL
12. Assistive Communication
Saturday, November 17, 12
this child uses Proloque2Go to communicate with his parents. This app uses icons to build
sentences and speak for the user. This replaces bulky, fragile equipment that can cost over
$4,000
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tp2ROyyyqjo Toddler with apraxia Asking for Cheese and Cracker on Ipad with Proloquo2Go and ASL
13. Alternate Inputs
Saturday, November 17, 12
Braille displays, single switches, and other alternative inputs can be enabled with mobile devices. Often times, the
mobile device becomes the alternate input for other technology. iOS AssistiveTouch provides enhanced control of
this functionality
High skates, copied for Captain J. Miner, 1870
15. iOS
Saturday, November 17, 12
LSE Sports Day, Apple Bobbing, May 1932 http://www.flickr.com/photos/lselibrary/4166786914/
Accessibility features are baked into every Apple device. VoiceOver is the core engine for translating user interactions between the app and the assistive
technology.
16. VoiceOver
Saturday, November 17, 12
VoiceOver is more than a screen reader. It’s a layer that acts as a middle layer between the user and app. It interprets gestures and
content.
It also can be used by automated testing to replace the user with scripts. Accessibility -> automated testing
Erik Bye og Otto Nilsen i radio studio 13. mars 1958. - http://www.flickr.com/photos/national_archives_of_norway/5476890757/
17. Hearing
Saturday, November 17, 12
Apple is now certifying hearing aids to provide digital audio experience and minimal radio interference
some apps are now using the phone to detect sound and act as “ears” for users.
Skype, face to face and other apps allow people to communicate via sign language
Royal Bank Branch, Notre Dame Street, Montreal, QC, 1911
18. Guided Access
Saturday, November 17, 12
Guided Access allows the user to close off certain parts of apps to minimize distractions. This is useful for autism, ADD, and classrooms to keep people focused on
a single task and away from angry birds.
Snowshoeing Indian file, Mount Royal, Montreal, QC, 1879
19. Android
Saturday, November 17, 12
Department Store Toy Display
http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/accessibility/apps.html
20. Before
Ice Cream
Sandwich
Saturday, November 17, 12
http://www.flickr.com/photos/field_museum_library/3405449492/in/photostream/ Girl dressed like a bee
74% of users are still on pre-ICS phones.
Honeycomb and other pre-ICS versions have minimal accessibility support. DPad focus control is critical. Making your app
accessible fortunately helps all versions.
21. Ice
Cream
Sandwich
Saturday, November 17, 12
Members of the Donald Dannheim Family Who Operate a Dairy and Ice Cream Store - http://www.flickr.com/photos/usnationalarchives/
4727559500/
ICS introduced touch navigation, web view, voice input, and font resizing
http://developer.android.com/about/versions/android-4.0-highlights.html
22. Jelly Bean
Saturday, November 17, 12
JB introduced gesture support and accessibility focus management, braille support, accessibility node APIs for custom views.
Voice activated search is more powerful. http://developer.android.com/about/versions/jelly-bean.html
JB 4.2.2 introduces ability to enable/disable Talkback without sighted assistance, read full screen, and three finger tap for
zooming.
Two ladies in swimming costumes in the "Greasy Pole" competition aboard the 'Empress of Canada'
23. Saturday, November 17, 12
This short video shows the accessibility improvements for Jelly Bean 4.2.
These include zooming and TalkBack shortcut.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEQHyc3NMGc
24. Windows 8
Saturday, November 17, 12
Narrator provides touch navigation and many gestures. Zooming is built in. Should be able to install NVDA or JAWS
on tablets. Easy to enable/disable.
Uses UI Automation as the accessibility layer
http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows-8/hear-text-read-aloud-with-narrator
Gymnastic group, Montreal, QC, 1891
25. Saturday, November 17, 12
This video shows how to enable Narrator with shortcut keys. It also shows how the basic
gestures work.
Unfortunately, it wasn’t as easy as you’d hope.
26. Mobile Web
Saturday, November 17, 12
Audio, Video, HTML5 form types, ARIA,
HTML5 web sites generally work well with mobile devices.
Don’t overload with -webkit prefixes. Remember there will be other browsers (firefox, ie10)
Expo 67
27. Get To Work
Saturday, November 17, 12
Unloading S.S "Durham City", Montreal, QC, 1896
28. Focus Control
Saturday, November 17, 12
Every action item in your app must be focusable and clickable.
Flickr photo app for iOS. Currently the rows are focusable, but not the individual thumbnails.
29. iOS
isAccessibilityElement
// if a UIView implements the container
protocol, it cannot be an accessible
element
- (BOOL)isAccessibilityElement
{
return NO;
}
Saturday, November 17, 12
isAccessibility defines which elements are subject to focus. This is set by default for buttons
and other actionable items. it needs to be configured with custom containers.
Don’t set the parent to YES if there are actionable children.
http://yaccessibilityblog.com/library/isaccessibility-ios-app.html
30. Saturday, November 17, 12
This video shows the custom view used for a selector within Quickbooks Mobile. It’s the only
thing that fails in this application.
31. Saturday, November 17, 12
This video shows the custom view used for a selector within Quickbooks Mobile. It’s the only
thing that fails in this application.
32. Android
setFocusable() | isFocusable() | requestFocus()
<RelativeLayout
android:id="@+id/row_type"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="2dp"
android:focusable="true" >
Saturday, November 17, 12
Test your app by using a bluetooth keyboard. Can you access everything?
Use the focus functions or set focusable at the layout level.
33. Unfocused Content
Saturday, November 17, 12
This video shows an android app that has not set focusable on the elements. The entire
container is read as a single string.
34. HTML5
<a> & <button>
Best:
<button>Share This</button>
Good:
<a href=”#sharethis” role=”button”>Share
This</a>
Works, but avoid:
<div role=”button” tabindex=”0”>Share
This</div>
Saturday, November 17, 12
Use the a for links. Use button for actions.
use role=”button” if you need to use a link to trigger an action.
use tabindex=”0” on non-links or buttons, such as a div.
tabindex=”-1” allows an item to receive focus via JS, but is not in the normal tab flow.
the javascript for div will still need to recognize the onclick event, not mouse events.
35. HTML
focus()
<div id="cb" role="checkbox"> Spam</div>
var checkbox =
document.getElementById('cb');
checkbox.tabIndex = 0; // make the div
focusable
checkbox.focus();
Saturday, November 17, 12
set focus with JavaScript
This is the same approach needed to let the user know a portion of the screen has changed.
For instance, if a dropdown menu appears, place focus on the first link.
36. Don’t Touch
•touchstart
•touchend
•touchmove
•touchcancel
Saturday, November 17, 12
• Screen readers intercept the touch events. You cannot depend on these events. You must provide alternate buttons.
• JellyBean theoretically works by letting two fingers be interpreted as a single touch
• iOS provides a gesture event, but it is not supported on other devices.
• Finger is placed on the screen
• Finger is removed from the screen
• Finger is moved across the screen
• Touch is cancelled before the finger is actually removed from the screen
• Kersthazen voor verkeersagent http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationaalarchief/3118323158/
37. Labels and Descriptions
Saturday, November 17, 12
Every non-standard button needs a label
Make sure concatenated content includes all information and it is easily understood.
38. Custom Buttons
Saturday, November 17, 12
This short video shows how the buttons are not labeled on the Southwest Airlines app. Sadly,
this video is almost two years old and the app is still missing labels.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StI0iIufJzk
39. Custom Buttons
Saturday, November 17, 12
This short video shows how the buttons are not labeled on the Southwest Airlines app. Sadly,
this video is almost two years old and the app is still missing labels.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StI0iIufJzk
40. iOS
accessibilityLabel | accessibilityHint
quantity.accessibilityLabel =
@”Quantity”;
quantity.accessibilityHint =
@”Increase desired quantity.”;
Saturday, November 17, 12
accessibilityLabel : A string that succinctly identifies the accessibility element.
accessibilityHint: A string that briefly describes the result of performing an action on the accessibility element.
These can be set in Interface builder as well.
https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/UIKit/Reference/UIAccessibilityElement_Class/Reference/Reference.html
41. Android
contentDescription
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/local_deals"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_margin="16dp"
android:contentDescription=
"@string/local_deals"
android:focusable="true"
android:src="@drawable/ic_menu_local" />
Saturday, November 17, 12
use contentDescription to provide labels for Android devices.
use android:contentDescription = “@null”; for images that should be ignored.
For EditText fields, provide an android:hint attribute instead of a content description, to help users understand what content is expected
when the text field is empty. When the field is filled, TalkBack reads the entered content to the user, instead of the hint text.
42. HTML
<img alt=”GoPayment” ...>
<label for=”name”>Name</label>
<input title=”Search”...>
<input aria-label=”Area Code”
aria-describedby=”phoneError” ...>
Saturday, November 17, 12
Use basic, semantic HTML first.
title attribute on input can work if you want to hide the label
aria-label works well when breaking up the text inputs
aria-describedby points to a text container that describes the input, such as an error
message.
43. Dynamic Values
Saturday, November 17, 12
When the user changes the quantity on this invoice, we want the user to know the subtitle
has also changed. This is a common pattern where there are dynamic changes to a screen
and we need to notify the user. This could also be for a dialog window, expanded menu, etc.
44. iOS
UIAccessibilityPostNotification
-(void)helpDidClose:(ZBEHelpView *)view
{
[helpView removeFromSuperview];
helpView = nil;
[self unease];
UIAccessibilityPostNotification (
UIAccessibilityScreenChangedNotification,
statusView);
// statusView instead of nil tells this where to
place the focus.
}
Saturday, November 17, 12
iOS6 allows you to notify a screen has changed, and place focus on that element.
use UIAccessibilityLayoutChangedNotification for small changes
See WWDC 2012 Accessibility for iOS for the demo of this code https://developer.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2012/
#210
45. Android
AccessibilityEvent
private void announceForAccessibilityCompat(CharSequence text) {
if (!mA11yManager.isEnabled()) {
return;
}
final int eventType;
if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < 16) {
eventType = AccessibilityEvent.TYPE_VIEW_FOCUSED;
} else {
eventType = AccessibilityEventCompat.TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT;
}
final AccessibilityEvent event =
AccessibilityEvent.obtain(eventType);
event.getText().add(text);
event.setClassName(AccessibleCanvas.class.getName());
event.setPackageName(mContext.getPackageName());
mA11yManager.sendAccessibilityEvent(event);
}
Saturday, November 17, 12
an AccessibilityEvent is created whenever you select an item or change focus in your UI.
more info: http://developer.android.com/training/accessibility/accessible-app.html#events
use announceForAccessibilityCompat to get built in backwards compatibility
Google has provided a great package of inaccessible/accessible code to learn more.
https://code.google.com/p/eyes-‐free/downloads/detail?name=accessibility_codelab_demos_v2_src.zip
46. HTML
aria-live
<div aria-live=”polite”>
Total is $5.10
</div>
Saturday, November 17, 12
aria-live alerts the user when the content within the container’s value changes. Polite waits
until the user pauses, assertive announces the change immediately.
Fine tune with aria-atomic, aria-relevant, and aria-channel
http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-archive/2008May/att-0031/WAI-
ARIA_Best_Practices_StructNav.html#LiveRegions
48. accessibilityViewIsModal (iOS5)
A Boolean value indicating whether VoiceOver should ignore
the elements within views that are siblings of the receiver.
Saturday, November 17, 12
https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/UIKit/Reference/
UIAccessibility_Protocol/Introduction/Introduction.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40008786
Your only option in 4.3 is to iterate the entire sub-tree setting isAccessibilityElement = NO
49. accessibilityPerformEscape
Implement this method on an element or
containing view that can be revealed
modally or in a hierarchy. When a
VoiceOver user performs a dismiss
action, this method dismisses the view.
the popover.
Saturday, November 17, 12
https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/UIKit/Reference/UIAccessibilityAction_Protocol/Introduction/Introduction.html
override
accessibilityPerformEscape
on
custom
back
button
The iPad does not use a standard back button in the top left of the screen. Allow the user to
perform a scrub gesture to move back.
50. Detect Screen Reader
iOS
UIAccessibilityIsVoiceOverRunning();
Android
isScreenReaderActive()
Saturday, November 17, 12
This information could be passed from the native app to webview if you need to provide
alternate content.
This is helpful for skipping annoying gesture introduction screens.
This is NOT possible in desktop browsers.
You can also test for closed captions are enabled or mono audio.
http://code.google.com/p/eyes-free/source/browse/trunk/shell/src/com/google/marvin/
shell/HomeLauncher.java?spec=svn623&r=623
https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/UIKit/Reference/
UIKitFunctionReference/Reference/reference.html#//apple_ref/c/func/
UIAccessibilityIsVoiceOverRunning
51. Saturday, November 17, 12
This video shows how to use the Android Lint tool to find accessibility problems and fix them
quickly.
on YouTube: http://youtu.be/OtwCe-YlD5k
52. Don’t Hide Your Fixes
Saturday, November 17, 12
Tell users when you make an improvement to accessibility in your release notes. Preferably
what part was fixed. They want to know when things are better and will tell their friends.
Ice cased Adelie penguins after a blizzard at Cape Denison / photograph by Frank Hurley http://
www.flickr.com/photos/statelibraryofnsw/2960116125/
53. Turn on the
screen reader
Saturday, November 17, 12
Woman reading http://www.flickr.com/photos/nationalmediamuseum/2780164461/
The following slides will show how to enable screen reader on iOS and Android
55. Enable VoiceOver
Saturday, November 17, 12
Scroll down and select Triple-click Home
Choose VoiceOver and go back to Accessibility Settings
Explore the accessibility options
Now you can triple click the home button to enable disable VoiceOver.
Victor Tsaran provides a good intro to using VoiceOver http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=t60voPIY5xY
57. Enable TalkBack
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select the on/off switch and choose ok
Go back to Accessibility and choose Install web scripts (ICS) or Enhance Web Accessibility
(Jelly Bean)
58. Ted Drake
@ted_drake
Last-Child.com
Saturday, November 17, 12