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Making Sense of Institutions
1.
Making sense of
Institutions
2.
How do we
make sense out of them?
3.
We need to
understand how institutions play a role as part of political systems
4.
Also how they
are affected as part of political systems.
5.
They call this
approach INSTITUTIONALISM
6.
But first.
7.
What are institutions?
Institutions
8.
Are they institutions?
9.
Are they institutions?
10.
They are institutions.
11.
They are institutions.
12.
Institutions are Formal
and informal structures that can influence social behavior
13.
They can: Constrain
/ Empower Prevent / Enable
14.
For Institutionalism Independent
Variables – I(d)V Values Ideals Norms Institutions are:
15.
Intervening Variables –
I(t)V Less visible rules, routines and practices, but important ones .
16.
Dependent Variables –
DV Characteristics Outcomes
17.
Institutionalism sounds easy,
right. NOT!
18.
Like everything else,
it’s a matter of perspective. There are more ways than one at looking at things.
19.
RATIONAL CHOICE INSTITUTIONALISM
20.
Theoretical Perspective HUMAN
ACTION – the cornerstone of any social scientific explanation
21.
Human beings are
UTILITY MAXIMIZERS
22.
Actors are INDEPENDENT
OF CONTEXT
23.
What are Agents
and Institutions?
24.
INSTITUTIONS They are
mazes and hurdles on the way to a prize.
25.
They provide a
formal set of rules that structure relationships
26.
AGENTS They are
actors who negotiate with the rules.
27.
They adapt to
the rules and use them strategically.
28.
How do Institutions
change?
29.
COST - BENEFIT
Do we need to change the system?
30.
Can we do
it?
31.
Can it be
done?
32.
SOCIOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONALISM
33.
Sociological Perspective CULTURE
– the driving force of human behavior.
34.
Looking at how
institutions emerge from social interactions. duties obligations norms
35.
CULTURE = INSTITUTIONS
36.
What are Agents
and Institutions? INSTITUTIONS They are: internal subconscious pre-rational
37.
They don’t constrain
options THEY MAKE THEM.
38.
Agents and Structure
can’t be separated.
39.
Remember Marx? The
world is where you are.
40.
How are changes
explained? Is change appropriate? Is it legitimate?
41.
Inconsistency with change
= BREAKDOWN
42.
HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALISM
43.
Theoretical Perspective PATH
DEPENDENCE
44.
Institutions reflect past
models.
45.
Role of Agents
and Institutions: INSTITUTIONS shape the strategies and goals actors pursue.
46.
They shape inputs
and outputs.
47.
When do changes
occur? Times of crisis or critical junctures.
48.
Institutions create new
institutions.
49.
Notice something peculiar?
50.
Historical analysis and
sociological analysis are in many ways related.
51.
Institutions are very
important. They dictate human choices and options.
52.
Institutions are ARENAS
THEY DEFINE THE RULES.
53.
Common experience lowers
the costs towards agreement.
54.
When the context
changes, preferences also change.
55.
Meanwhile, Rational choice
analysis differs much from the two.
56.
Institutions are still
arenas. but, actors are a little more independent from context.
57.
Three views, different
looks. Which one is right?
58.
OR, what’s wrong
with each?
59.
criticisms
60.
Rational Choice Same
event, different interpretations NO EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE.
61.
Sociological / Historical
Rich details Causal variables Generalizations
62.
Whew! That’s already
a lot of information
63.
Why are we
doing this again?
64.
We do comparative
analysis ( or any study of social science ) BECAUSE…
65.
We need to:
Gain knowledge through empirical research Search for patterns
66.
To deal with
uncertainty and make descriptive, explanatory, causal inferences.
67.
To establish workable
models.
68.
That’s about it.
THANK YOU!
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