about human disease

1. Made By : Manglam soni
ISC 2015-16

2. Some important terms
1) Disease: When the functioning of one or more organs or
systems of the body is adversely affected, characterised by
various signs and symptoms, we say that we are not healthy,
i.e., we have a disease.
2) Communicable disease: Diseases which are easily
transmitted from one person to another, are called
infectious diseases or Communicable disease.
Ex.- bacteria disease, viruses disease, protozoa's disease.
3) Non-communicable disease: The non-communicable
disease remain confined to the person who suffer from
them.
Ex.- cancer, genetic ,disorder .
4) Bacterial disease : Bacteria are microscopic single-celled
organism at least 1 micron long.
Body tissues and system can be damaged by pathogenic in
two ways- true infections and effects of toxins

3. Continues……
5) Viruses disease: viruses are very small micro-organism
within living cells. They differ from bacteria in having only one
kind of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA.
They cause many acute disease in human beings.
6) Protozoans disease: protozoans are diverse group of
eukaryotic, unicellular organism.
7) HELMINTHS disease: The parasitic of helminths are
mainly endoparasites of the guts and the blood in human
beings and they cause disease collectively known as
‘helminthiasis’.
8) FUNGI DISEASE: fungal disease as the name implies are
cause by fungi.
The fungal disease of man are either mycoses(caused by
infection of fungi) or toxicoses(caused by toxic fungal
metabolites).

4. COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
→ BACTERIAL DISEASE
― TYPHOID
― PNEUMONIA
→ VIRUSES DISEASE
― COMMON COLD
― SWINE FLU
― DENGUE FEVER
→ PROTOZOA
― MALARIA
― Amoebiasis
→ HELMINTHS
― ASCARIASIS
― ELEPHANTIASIS(FILARIA)
→ FUNGI DISEASE
― RINGWORM
NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASE
→ CANCER
SEXUALITY TRANSMITIED DISEASE (STD)
→ GONORRHOEA
→ SYPHILIS
HUMAN GENETICS DISORDER
→ HAEMOPHILIA
AUTOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
→ DOWN’S SYNDROME
SEX CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
→ KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME
→ TURNERS SYNDROME

5.  Typhoid :
 Typhoid is a common bacterial disease caused by
rod like bacterium. Salmonella typhi , which is
commonly found in the intestine of man.
 Certain human function as carriers without
suffering from it. Marry Mallon, called Typhoid
Mary was such a case. She was a cook and
typhoid carrier, who continued to spread continued
to spread the disease for several years through
her food preparation.
BACTERIA

6. Continues……
. Modes of transmission:
 Incubation period varies from 1-3 weeks, average
2 weeks.
 Typhoid spreads through food and water
contaminated with faeces of the patient. House
flies may carry the pathogens from the faeces to
the food , milk and water.
 Symptoms
 this disease is characterize by the inflammation of
ileum and colon, liver and spleen also because
enlarged, abdominal pain, constant fever, extreme
weakness, vomiting and sore throat.
 Typhoid is diagnosed by Widal Test.

7. Continues…….
 Preventions/Treatrment:
 Any patient with typhoid requires the highest
standard of nursing together with isolation and
hygienic disposal of faeces.
 Contamination of food can be reduced by personal
hygiene and control of flies.
 Antibiotics like Ampicillin and Chloramphenicol
are used to treat typhoid.
 TAB Vaccine provided immunity for about 3 years.

8.  Pneumonia:
 Pneumonia is a serious disease of lungs
characterized by accumulation of fluid in alveoli
and bronchioles to that extent that breathing
becomes difficult.
 It is caused by Streptococcus pneumonia or
Diplococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus
influenzae.
 Modes of transmission:
 A healthy person acquires the infection bi inhaling
the droplets/aerosol released by an infected
person or even by sharing glasses and utensils
with an infected person.

9. Continues……
 Symptoms:
 The onset of Pneumonia is usually sudden with a
single shaking chill, followed by fever, pain with
breathing on the side of lungs involved, increasing
pulse and respiratory rates and cough.
 In several cases the color of lips and nails gets
changed to grey.
 Prevention/Treatment:
 The patients should be isolated and healthy persons
should not share their belongings.
 Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine(PCV13) is
available.
 Drugs against pneumonia are erythromycin,
tetracycline and sulphonamide.
 If treated it can leads to death.

10.  Common cold:
 Common cold is caused by around 200 virus
strains, out of which the rhinoviruses are the
most common.
 Modes of transmission:
 It can be transmitted through handshakes,
shared objects.
 It can also through when infected person
touches the eyes, mouth or inside of the nose
and spred the virus throug the hand.
VIRUS

11. CONTINUES……
 Symptoms:
 Irritation in the nose and throat, then nasal
congestion, sore throat, sneezing, coughing and
runny nose.
 Headache, body pain and malaise (a filling of
sick/ill) but fever is rare.
 These symptoms will occurs after 4-5 days.
 Prevention:
 Good hygiene is the best defense for all the
disease.
 Inhale steam.
 Take painkillers in recommended doses.
 Common cold is not yet treated successfully
because there is no medicine to kill the rhinovirus.

12.  Swine flu
 Swine flu is a infectious by any one type of
swine which is infects the flu is influenza
viruses (H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and
H2N3). This flu was found in pigs.
 It attacks the upper respiratory tract and spread
fast air from person to person.
 Modes of transmission:
 It mainly spread through sneezing, coughing.
 Some times it may be transmitted through the
touching the infected things.
 Influenza viruses are found in a number of
species including birds, humans, swine, horses
and dogs.

13. CONTINUES……
 Prevention/Treatment:
 prevention is hand washing and avoiding close
contact with sick.
 Adequate liquid intake and rest to reduce
symptoms.
 Use of anti-viral, such as Tamixlu, Relenza.
 Dengue fever:
 Dengue fever, also know as break bone fever, is
an acute communicable disease caused by virus.
 There are 4 strain of viruses, which are called
serotypes and referred as DE NV-1, DE NV-2, DE
NV-3, DE NV-4.
 They all infects the disease by infections.
 It is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes.

14. CONTINUES……
 Modes of transmission:
 A healthy person gets the disease when he is
bitten by an infected mosquito. The virus enters
his blood from the mosquito’s saliva.
 Prevention:
 It can be prevented by eliminating mosquito
breeding places by covering small containers,
water tanks, changing the water of coolers
every weeks, and apply mosquito repellants.
 No vaccine for dengue fever is available.

15.  Malaria
 Malaria is caused by a digenetic(have two host to
complete is life cycle) protozoan parasite known as
Plasmodium.
 The primary host is Anopheles mosquito and
secondary is man.
 Modes of transmission:
 The malarial parasites, Plasmodium enters the human
body as sporozoites(infectious form) through the
bites of infects Anopheles mosquito.
PROTOZOA

16.  Plasmodium: life cycle
 Prevention:
 Spraying areas with DDT and other insecticides will
kill the mosquito. Introducing Utricularia duck
which can eat the developing mosquito in the ponds.
 Fitting doors and window with nets, using mosquito
nets while sleeping, applying mosquito repellants
ant night, taking smaller prophylactic dose of
antimalarial drugs weekly intervals during malarial
season can prevent from infection of malaria.

17.  Amoebiasis (Amoeboic dysentery):
 Amorbiasisis a protozoan infestation of upper part of
large intestine which cause by monogenetic
protozoan(having one host i.e. man) known as
Entamoebe histolytica.
 Modes of transmission:
 The infection occurs by the cysts of Entamoebe
present in the stool of infected person.
 Houseflies act as mechanical carriers and serve to
transmit the parasite from faeces of infected person
to food and food products, thereby contaminating
them. Drinking water and foodcontaminated by the
faecal matter are the main source of infection.

18. Continues…..
 Preventions:
 To prevent the infection, the sanitary disposal of faecal matter
and cleanliness in the preparation of food should be carefully
done.
 Adequate rest and replacement of lost fluid.
 Ring worm:
 This is caused by Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and
Microsporum are responsible for ringworm in man.
 Modes of transmission:
 The infection is generally acquired from soil or by using towel,
clothes or even the comb of infected persons
 Prevention:
 Maintain sanitation and hygiene are the best method for these
disease.
FUNGI

19. HELMINTHS
 Ascariasis:
 It is caused by the common round worm Ascaris
lumbricoides. It is a intestinal worm, white in color
with Female worm longer then in male.
 Modes of transmission:
 There is no causative agent, so man acquires
infection by directly ingesting Ascaris eggs, with
conatminated water.
 A healthy person acquires this infection through
contaminated water, vegetables, fruits, etc.
HELMINTHIC DISEASE (PARASITICWORMS)

20. Continues…..
 Prevention:
 Avoiding drinking water contaminated with Cyclops is the
prevented measure.
 Metronidazole may be used for treatment.
 Filaria(Elephantiasis):
 It is caused by nematode. Wuchereria bancrofti another
species is W.malayi.
 The adult worms are slender and few centimeters long, male
being shorter than the females.
 Modes of transmission:
 The pathogen spread from one human being to another
through mosquitoes like Culex and to lesser extent by
Anopheles and Aedes.
 Prevention:
 Sleep under the mosquito net, long sleeve and trousers
 Use the mosquito repellent on exposed skin.

21.  Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of
cells that arises from a change in one single cell. The
change may be started by external agents and inherited
genetic factors and can affect almost any part of the
body.
 The transformation from a normal cell into a tumour
cell is a multistage process where growths often invade
surrounding tissue and can metastasize to distant sites.
 Types of cancer:
→ Carcinomas.
→ Sarcomas.
→ Lymphoma.
→ Leukaemias.

22.  Causes:
 Transformation of normal cells into cancerous neoplastic
cells may be induced by physical, chemical or biological
agents. These agents are called carcinogens
 Ionising radiations like X-rays and gamma rays and non-
ionizing radiations like UV cause DNA damage The
chemical carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have
been identified as a major cause of lung cancer. Cancer
causing viruses called oncogenic viruses have genes
called viral oncogenes. leading to neoplastic
transformation.
 Furthermore, several genes called cellular oncogenes(c-
onc) or proto oncogenes have been identified in normal cells
which, when activated under certain conditions, could
lead to oncogenic transformation of the cells.

23.  Diagnosis :
 cases. Cancer detection is based on biopsy and
histopathological studies of the tissue and blood and
bone marrow tests for increased cell counts in the
case of leukemias.
 Techniques like radiography (use of X-rays), CT
(computed tomography) and MRI (magnetic
resonance imaging) are very useful to detect cancers
of the internal organs.
 Treatment:
 The common approaches for treatment of cancer are
surgery, radioactive therapy, chemotherapy and
immunotherapy.

24.  It is a sexually transmitted disease, is caused by a
gonococcus bacterium, Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
 It can affect both the male and female genitals.
 Prvention:
 Communicate with all sex partners regarding
infection
 Less is sexual activity, lower is risk of expression of
gonorrhoea.
Syphilis
 It is caused by cork screw shaped bacterium,
Treponema pallidum.
 Prevention:
 Refrain from sexual activity until infection is gone
 Communicate with all sex partners regarding
syphilis

25. Hemophilia:
 Caused by the inheritance of one recessive
gene on the X (males) or two recessive genes
on both X’s (females).
 Affects blood – blood does not clot.
 Leads to severely increased risk of bleeding
from common injuries.
 A protein involved in the clothing of blood is
affected.
 It can be transmitted from generation to
generation.
 It is also called the Queen Victoria disease.
 Diagram of hemophilia.

26. DOWN’S SYNDROME:
 Caused by non-disjunction of the 21st
chromosome.
 This means that the individual has a trisomy (3
– 2lst chromosomes).

27. Klinefelter’s syndrome is characterized by
trisomy(XXY).
There are 47 chromosome instead of normal
46.
 most have the cases long legs, as compare to
normal legs.
Arms also long as normal arms.

28. TURNERS SYNDROME
 It is characterized by monosomy of X0 type.
 The individual possess 45 chromosome instead of
normal chromosome 46.
 Females have less developed parts.

29. Now lets have some test
1. Aedes aegypti is a vector of
 Dengue fever
2. Amoebiasis in human is acquired by?
 Contaminated of food with cyst.
3. Ring worm is caused by?
 Fungus
4. Elephantiasis is caused by?
 Aschelminthes
5. What is the advantages of hemophilia persons?
 Never suffer from malaria.
6. Typhoid is classified as