English literature is the literature written in the English language, including literature composed in English by writers not necessarily from England; for example, Robert Burns was Scottish, James Joyce was Irish, Joseph Conrad was Polish, Dylan Thomas was Welsh, Edgar Allan Poe was American, J. R. R. Tolkien was born in the Orange Free State, V.S. Naipaul was born in Trinidad, and Vladimir Nabokov was Russian, but all are considered important writers in the history of English literature. In other words, English literature is as diverse as the varieties and dialects of English spoken around the world. In academia, the term often labels departments and programmes practising English studies in secondary and tertiary educational systems. Despite the variety of authors of English literature, the works of William Shakespeare remain paramount throughout the English-speaking world.

1. HISTORY OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE AND POETRY.

2. LITERATURE AS HISTORY
People in the past, just as people today, needed to define themselves and their
times, and they did so through their writings.
• Gilgamesh
• Homer’s Iliad
©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman Publishers.

3. POETRY
People in the past, just as people today, needed to share thoughts and ideas in
a more elevated style than prose offered, and they did so through POETRY.
TWO OF SEVERAL TYPES OF POETRY:
•sonnet
•haiku
©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman Publishers.

4. THE SHORT STORY
People in the past, just as people today, needed a literary form that could be
read in one sitting, and the SHORT STORY was developed.
• Edgar Allan Poe defined and wrote classic short
stories.
• Shirley Jackson also wrote a classic short story
called “The Lottery.”
©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman Publishers.

5. THE NOVEL
People in the past, just as people today, needed a more complex literary form
that was not based in the “real” events of the past or of the present; thus, the
fictional NOVEL was developed.
• A PICARESQUE NOVEL—
Cervantes’s Don Quixote
• AN AMERICAN CLASSIC—
Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby
©2003 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as
Longman Publishers.

6. HISTORY OF ENGLISH
LITERATURE
 Compiled by: Thomas Youman

7. What is Literature?
 Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from
human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in
describing in words some aspects of human experiences.
Why we read Literature?
 Pleasure
 Relaxation
 Knowledge
Old English Period
469 AD - 1066 AD
 Three conquests.
 The Song of Beowulf:
Middle English Literature
Bible translations,
Geoffrey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales

8. Renaissance Literature
 Vernacular Literature.
 William Caxton.
 Book of Common Prayer.
Early Modern Period
 Elizabethan Era
 Jacobean Literature
 Caroline and Cromwellian Literature
 Restoration Literature
 Augustan Literature.
Elizabethan Era
 William Shakespeare
 Hamlet,
 Romeo and Juliet,
 The Merchant of Venice
 Macbeth

9. 18th Century
 Age of Enlightment.
 Age of Sensibility.
 Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto.
Romanticism
 Industrialism.
 William Blake: Romantic Age
 Oscar Wilde
 Mary Shelley:
Victorian Literature
 Charles Dickens.
 Arthur Conan Doyle: Sherlok Holmes
English Literature since 1900
 Modernism: Rudyard Kipling, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf
 Post-Modern Literature: Truman Capote
 Post World War II: J.R.R. Tolkien

10. The Origins of Drama
Origins
of
Drama

11. Humanities 120
Drama

12. Drama is a type of
literature.
Its basic medium is
spoken language.
(Medium: the
material or technique
an artist works with.)

13. Drama uses the resources of the theater to show
human actions in such a way that we gain a deeper
understanding of the human experience.

14. Drama is such an ancient art
form that its origins are beyond
human record.

15. It may have developed out of important rituals having to do with:
•Sewing and reaping crops
•Fertility rituals
•Burial rituals

16. Formal elements of drama.
•Diction •Meter •Action
•Syntax •Metaphor •Character
•Rhyme •Simile •Setting
•Rhythm •Symbol •Dialogue

17. Action:
The dramatic narrative; the plot or on-going business of the characters
Action generally takes place in a
narrative arc:
•Introduction
•Development
•Climax
•Conclusion
Character:
The way in which each individual in the drama is portrayed. This includes the
history, motivations, personality, and decisions of the individuals.
Setting:
The place(s) where the action occurs; created through the manipulation of
sets, lights, scenery, and references.
Dialogue:
The spoken words of actors playing characters in the drama. Most dialogue is
spoken by one actor to another/others, but there is a form of dialogue called
soliloquy and one called monologue.

18. Soliloquy:
When a character delivers a brief speech to the audience; Generally expresses a character’s inner
thoughts; We can generally assume we’re hearing character’s “true thoughts"; Consists of relatively
brief break in the action.
Monologue:
A character speaks at length; Sometimes takes up entire act or play; May be understood as
character speaking to self, or directly to audience.
The Structure of Drama
Plots are structural principles that govern the shape of the narrative
Plots are often worked around archetypes: basic psychological patterns that people react to on a
subconscious level.

19. The Importance of Studying History of English Literature:
A Post-Study Reflection by Tienny Makrus.
Literature is part of human life that is passed from generation to generation and
describes the culture of a country. If we want to study a language, of course, we must
also know the culture of the country. For English education students, studying English
literature is very important. We may understand the philosophical movements when
studying English literature, different point of views gives us a new way of thinking about
the world, capable of bringing about differing emotions and general sense through the
various types of literature works, understand today’s culture, and increase vocabulary,
grammar and writing ability in English. The following will explain some points why it is
important to learn English literature. Firstly, we can find the occurrence of philosophical
movements when studying English literature. In great writing from the past we find the
England ancestors, and we not only see the country and the people as they were, but
we also soak up the climate of the times through the language itself, its vocabulary,
grammar, and tone.

20. We would only have to consider the writing of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Boswell,
Milton, Dickens, and Samuel Beckett side by side to see how the way writers
use language embodies the cultural atmosphere of their time. English literature
allows us to understand the philosophical movements and ideas that
permeated a particular culture at a particular time. For example, Mary Shelley's
"Frankenstein" shows us the ambivalence the British felt toward empiricism.
Besides understanding the philosophical movements, English literature gives
us a new way of thinking about the world. For example, Jane Austen presents a
different writing in her era, because she is interested in the moral, social and
psychological behaviour of her characters.

21. Mary Wollstonecraft, for instance, presents the idea that women should not be
subservient to men, giving birth to modern feminist theory. Literature works of
Sir Walter Scott in circulation since the eight-tenth century, presents his work
with the theme of revolution, historical changes and social and character of all
circles in society. Perhaps we see that a certain man's behaviour resembles
that of Antony in Antony and Cleopatra through the drama of Shakespeare, or a
certain woman is rather like The Wife of Bath in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.
Seeing such similarities can help us to understand and accept other people.
Therefore, we can find literary scholars write their literary works with a variety
of viewpoints.

22. Therefore, we can find literary scholars write their literary works with a variety
of viewpoints.In addition to presenting the different viewpoints of the literary
scholar, we can find English literature is a form of English art. It is capable of
bringing about differing emotions and a general sense of "spiritual" well-being.
Poets William Wordsworth and Percy Shelley write about this power of poetry
in "Preface to the Lyrical Ballads" and "A Defence of Poetry," respectively.
Shakespeare presents a lot of his work in drama. Then, John Milton presents
the genre of religious and politics poetry after Elizabethan period.

23. In the romantic period, people incline to like novels. Thus we know that English art is
various depending on the political and social situation in each period. When we dip into
the rich variety of novels, poems, and plays which constitute English literature, it is
possible to understand how contemporary western culture has developed into what it is
today. We are reading works which have lasted for generations, or centuries, and they
have lasted because they are good. Well, we don't need to visit a country if we want to
learn their culture. London, for example, is all the more interesting a city when behind
what we see today we see the London known to Dickens, Boswell and Johnson, or
Shakespeare. It will save time, money and effort by reading literary works than to visit
the country.

24. Finally, studying English literature can increase our knowledge of new words,
new phrases, and English lexicon. Literature is also crucial to learning stylistic
and artistic conventions for English communication and writing. It does not
mean student need to read every literary work. There may be times when
reading a critic can be more interesting than reading the actual work. Reading
the work of a good critic can be edifying in itself. Making the effort to shape our
own thoughts into an essay is also an edifying experience, and just as good
literature lasts, so do the personal benefits that we gain from studying and
writing about it. In conclusion, studying English literature allows student to
develop new ideas and ethical standpoints, can be an enriching, eye-opening
experience, and help them to describe English society. Considering the
importance of literature, student can also develop their interest to other literary
works. It will be very interesting if student can learn American literature also,
because American country is the most advanced country currently, which
perhaps student need to understand American culture and learn positive things
as well, because by studying literature we become “cultured”.

26. Poetry (ancient Greek) is an art form in which human language is used
for its aesthetic qualities in addition to, or instead of, its notional and
semantic content. It consists largely of oral or literary works in which
language is used in a manner that is felt by its user and audience to differ
from ordinary prose. Poetry is important, It reaches inside people and
heals their wounds like nothing else can. It is an escape from reality and
a method of coping with reality. It's a certain feeling inside. According
to geocities.com, poetry is a form of expression written seeking approval
from no one but read and interpreted by anyone and everyone. It reveals
your most inner thoughts that may never be spoken forming a deep
communication to others and for you, a cherished token that you will
always remember.

27. ELEMENTS OF POETRY
Prepared by Miss Jenny Lou C. Sasoy
Faculty, UE-Caloocan EHSD
POETRY
 It is the art of expressing oneself in verse.
 It uses few words to convey its message.
 It is meant to be read aloud.
 It uses imagery or figures of speech to express feelings or create a mental
picture or idea.
"Chartless“
Lines Emily Dickinson
A single line in a poem.
Often organized into stanzas.
1 I never saw a moor,
2 I never saw the sea,
3 Yet I know how the heather looks
4 and what a wave must be.
5 I never spoke with God,
6 nor visited in Heaven,
7 Yet I am certain of the spot
8 as if the chart were given.
This poem has 8 lines organized
into 2 stanzas

28. STANZA “First and Last”
It is the group of lines. by David McCord
Couplet – 2 lines
Triplet – 3 lines A tadpole hasn’t a pole at all,
Quatrain – 4 lines And he doesn’t live in a hole in the
Quinrain – 5 lines wall.
Sestet – 6 lines You’ve got it wrong: a polecat’s
not
Octet – 8 lines
A cat on a pole. And I’ll tell you
It develops and what:
emphasizes one idea. A bullfrog’s never a bull; and how
RHYME AND RHYME SCHEME Could a cowbird possibly be a
cow?
A kingbird, though, is a kind of
king,
And he chases a crow like
anything.

29. RHYME AND RHYME SCHEME
 Words rhyme if they
sound alike.
 Poems often use
rhymes at the end of
lines.
 Rhyme scheme is the
pattern of rhymes in a
poem.
 Poets use rhymes to
add a musical sound to
their poems.

30. TYPES OF RHYME
 ALLITERATION – repetition of the initial consonant sound.
 She sells sea shells by the sea shore.
 CONSONANCE – repetition of the intermediate or final
consonant sound.
 Tick tock, flip flop, singing longing
 ASSONANCE – repetition of vowel sound.
 Hear the mellow wedding bells,
Golden bells!
What a world of happiness their harmony foretells!
RHYTHM
 Pattern of beats or a series of stressed and unstressed
syllables in poem.
 Poets create rhythm by using words in which parts are
emphasized or not emphasized.
“Windy Nights” By Robert Louis Stevenson
Whenever the moon and stars are set,
Whenever set,
Whenever the wind is high,
Whenever high,
All night long in the dark and wet,
wet,
A man goes riding by.
riding by.
Late in the night when the fires are out,
fires
Why does he gallop and gallop about?
gallop gallop about?

31. METER
It is the measure of a line in a poetry.
FOOT
It is the grouping of two or more syllables making up a basic unit of
meter.
TYPES OF METRICAL FOOT
IAMBIC foot consists of unaccented syllable followed by an accented. It can be
heard in such words as "because, hello, Elaine".
TROCHAIC foot consists of an accented syllable followed by an unaccented.
These are trochaic words: answer, Tuesday, Albert.
DACTYLIC foot consists of an accented syllable followed by two unaccented
syllables. You can hear the dactylic beat in these words: beautiful, silently,
Saturday.
ANAPESTIC foot consists of two unaccented syllables followed by an accented
syllable. These words are anapestic: cavalier, tambourine, Marianne.
SPONDAIC foot consists of two accented syllables.
PYRRHIC foot consists of two unaccented syllables.

32. MOOD “Poor” Short words and
The feeling that a poem creates in a by Myra Livingston lines create a
reader. serious mood.
It can be positive or negative. I heard of poor.
Mood can be made with the length of It means hungry, no food.
the sentences, chosen words, and No shoes, no place to live,
word sounds. Nothing good.
It means winter nightsThese words
And being cold, create the feeling
It is lonely, alone. of sadness.
Feeling old.
Poor is a tired face.
Poor is thin.
Poor is standing outside
Looking in.

33. TONE
It is the attitude a writer takes towards the subject or audience of the poem.
“The Crocodile” The subject of the poem are
crocodiles. The writers attitude
How doth the little crocodile towards crocodiles is that they are
Improve his shining tail, dangerous.
And pour the water of the Nile
On every golden scale!
How cheerfully he seems to grin,
How neatly spreads his claws,
And welcomes little fishes in
With gently smiling jaws!
IMAGERY
Language that appeals to the 5 senses.
Are “word pictures”.
Helps the reader to experience familiar things in a fresh way using the senses.

34. FIGURES OF SPEECH
A mode of expression in which words are used out of their literal meaning or
out of their ordinary use in order to add beauty or emotional intensity or to
transfer the poet's sense impressions by comparing or identifying one thing
with another that has a meaning familiar to the reader.
SIMILE
A figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly
compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as.
METAPHOR
A figure of speech in which an implied comparison is made between two unlike
things that actually have something in common.
PERSONIFICATION
A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is given human
qualities or abilities.
ONOMATOPOEIA
The use of words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions
they refer to.
HYPERBOLE
figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; an
extravagant statement.

35. Young Adult Librarian Dewey on poetry
June 11, 2012 Poetry and Drama 35

36. Dewey and poetry 2
June 11, 2012 Poetry and Drama 36

37. THE NATURE AND
FUNCTION OF
LITERARY CRITICISM
Prof. Ketan Pandya
Prof. V. I. Patel

38. The Function of CRITICISM
Judgement :
In its strict sense, criticism means judgement. The literary critic, therefore, is
primarily an expert who uses his special faculty and training to examine the
merits and defects of a piece of literary art or the work of a given author and
pronounce a verdict upon it.
The primary function of a literary critic is to arrive at and pronounce a
meaningful judgement of value.
I. A. Richards says : “To set up as a critic is to set up as a judge of values.”
Literary criticism, says Rene Wellek, “is judgement of books, reviewing and
finally the definition of taste, of the tradition, of what is a classic.”
Evaluation :
When a critic attempts to judge the value of a work of art or literature, he can
be said to have evaluated the work.
“Evaluative, judicial, or normative criticism attempts to judge the merits of the
literature in relation to a literary, social, moral, or other, value system.” (Lee T.
Lemon : A Glossary for the Study of English, p. 99)

39. Interpretation :
If judgement be the real end of criticism, interpretation may be employed as a
means to that end.
“To feel the virtue of the poet or the painter, to disengage it, to set it forth –
these are the three stages of the critic’s duty.” (Walter Pater)
Poetry is a ‘criticism (interpretation) of life’. Criticism is an interpretation of that
interpretation. The chief function of criticism is to enlighten and stimulate by the
proper interpretation of the works of literature. If a great poet makes us
partakers of his larger sense of the meaning of life, a great critic may make us
partakers of his larger sense of the meaning of literature.

40. References.
Item Type: Web page.
Title: History of English Literature
Author: Thomas youman
URL: http://www.slideshare.net/tomyyou/history-of-english-literature
Accessed: 15th March 2012 09:11:19
Item type: Web page.
Title: the nature and functions of literary criticism
Author: Ketan Pandya
URL:
http://www.slideshare.net/KetanPandya2/nature-and-function-of-literary-
criticism
Accessed: 15TH March 2012 01:09:24

41. Item type: Web page
Title: The Elements of poetry
Author: Jenny Sasoy
URL: http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?
searchfrom=header&q=the+elements+of+poetry
Accessed: 15th march 2012 11:00:21
Item Type: Web page
Title: The importance of studying history of English Literature
Author: Tienny makrus
URL:
http://www.slideshare.net/tiennymakrus/the-importance-of-studying-history-of-
english-literature
Accessed: 14 march 2012 11:22:02

42. Item Type: Web page
Title: Poetry and Drama (Dragons)
Author: B. Rodriguez
URL:
http://www.slideshare.net/joh5700/poetry-and-drama-and-dragons-presentation
Accessed: 15th march 2012 10:28:16
Item type: Web page
Title: The Romantic Era
Author: Dr. Christopher Swann
URL:
http://www.slideshare.net/wiglaf12/the-romantic-era-17981832-presentation
Accessed: 15 March 2012 15:03:06
Item type: Web page
Title: Literature
Author: Julie Rodakawski
URL:
http://www.slideshare.net/mr1861/literature
Accessed: 15 March 2012 14:29:11