2. Central Concepts Natural Science Rationalism Scientific Method Capable of discovering the laws of human society as well as nature Social Science is born! Progress Belief strengthened by economic and social 18th century improvements http://www.batesville.k12.in.us/physics/phynet/aboutscience/Inductive.html
3. Emergence Writers were responsible for popularizing theology Bernard de Fontenelle (1657-1757) Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_cQns-qO1Pks/TGm9oqWUojI/AAAAAAAAA0o/LMm53rRQFsg/s1600/Bernard+de+Fontenelle2.jpg
4. New Ideas Skepticism Stemmed from uncertainty of religious truth Pierre Bayle (1647-1706) – Famous Skeptic Historical and Critical Dictionary 1697 Open-minded toleration Tabula Rasa All ideas derived from experience Human development determined by education and social institutions John Locke Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690
5. France Dominates the Enlightenment French Philosophes emerge as leaders of European Society International Language of educated Death of Louis XIV Less Absolutist restrictions Determined to reach all European economic and social elites Philosophes could not write freely Circulated works through manuscript form
6. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) The Persian Letters 1721 Social Satire The Spirit of Laws 1748 Separation of Powers
7. Other Famous Philosophes Not French Voltaire (1694-1778) Madame du Châtelet (1706-1749) Denis Diderot (1713-1783) Jean le Rondd’Alembert (1717-1783) David Hume (1711-1776) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Carl von Linne
8. Reading Revolution European production and consumption of books grew dramatically Types of books people read changed Censorship led to “under-the-cloak” sales Reading shifted from religious masses to individualistic and specialized
9. Females and the Enlightenment Madame du Chatelet (1706-1749) Rococo Soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, starry eyed lovers Salons Hostesses brought various French elites together to converse on Enlightenment thought Madame Geoffrin Public Sphere An idealized space where members of society could discuss societal issues freely http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin.jpg
10. Late Enlightenment Led by Rousseau Influenced by early Romantic Movement Division of Gender Roles Conventional Stereotypes General Will Concept Common interest of all the people Immanuel Kant “Have courage to use your own understanding!”
11. Race and the Enlightenment New understanding of racial differences Driven by urge to classify nature Former divisions based on historical, political and cultural affiliations as opposed to physical. Used science to justify slavery and colonial domination
