3. Richard Francis Jones, MD
The First African-American Diplomate of the
American Board of Urology - 1936
4. Outline
• History Lane
– Milestones – African Americans in Medicine
– Howard Surgical Legacy
• A.A. Experience during urologic training
– Diversity in Medicine – Outside of Urology
– Diversity in the field of Urology
• Urologic “Pipeline” steps to insure African
Americans at the forefront of urologic
patient care
5. Milestones – Diversifying Medicine
• 1837 – James Smith- 1st African American to
receive the MD Degree
– University of Glasgow in Scotland
• 1847 – 40 medical schools in the U.S.A.
– David Jones Peck – 1st African American to
graduate from an American medical school
– Rush Medical School in Chicago
• 1864 – The 1st African American woman
physician graduated from New England Female
Medical College (now Boston University School
of Medicine)
6. HUCM - Surgical Legacy
• Howard University Surgery Residency
Program
• Early 1900s – achievement of board
certification, became one of the
program’s standards of excellence
• Five of the first African Americans to
receive board certification in a
surgical specialty were Howard
Faculty Members
7. African American Surgeons
Pioneers - Board Certification
• R Frank Jones MD Urology 1936
• J Richard Laurey MD
– Thoracic Surgery 1949
• Robert Gladden MD
– Orthopedic Surgery 1949
• Clarence S. Greene Sr.
– Neurological Surgery 1953
• Samuel Rosser MD
– Pediatric Surgery, 1975
9. Introduction
• RFJUS – is the society of African American
Urologists in North America
• Members have diverse backgrounds of
urologic training
• Other surgical specialties have
documented the experience of
Race, Ethnicity and Gender
– Orthopaedic Surgery
– Vascular Surgery
– General Surgery
• No formal analysis for the field of Urology
10. Diversity – Urologic Surgery
• Primary Objective
– Evaluate the extent of diversity and perceived
barriers to multicultural training in American
urology programs
• Methods
– 25 question nonvalidated diversity
questionnaire was distributed to 112 American
Urology residency program directors
• Results
– 62 (55%) program directors responded
Vemulakonda, Sorensen and Joyner BD et al. J Urol 2008;180:668-672.
11. Diversity – Urologic Surgery
• Results
– 62 (55%) program directors responded
– Respondents: 92% Male, 90% > 40 y.o.
– As Faculty members
• 40% No female colleagues
• 49% No colleagues of color
• 75% No formal process to recruit faculty of
color
– Current resident training
• 36% 1 or fewer female residents
• 66% at least 1 black resident
• 42% at least 1 Hispanic resident
Vemulakonda, Sorensen and Joyner BD et al. J Urol 2008;180:668-672.
12. Diversity – Urologic Surgery
• Results
Vemulakonda, Sorensen and Joyner BD et al. J Urol 2008;180:668-672.
13. Diversity – Orthopaedic Surgery
• Primary Objective
– Diversity in the field of orthopaedics vs other
surgical and nonsurgical fields
• Variables - Race, Ethnicity and Gender
• Residents and Faculty Data
– 2007 JAMA Education Supplements
– 2007 AAMC Faculty Roster
• Residency applicants Data
– 2007 Electronic Residency Application Service
(ERAS)
Day CS et al. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 2010;92(13):2328-2335
14. Diversity – Orthopaedic Surgery
• Primary Objective
– Diversity in the field of orthopaedics vs other
surgical and nonsurgical fields
• Variables - Race, Ethnicity and Gender
• Residents and Faculty Data
– 2007 JAMA Education Supplements
– 2007 AAMC Faculty Roster
• Residency applicants Data
– 2007 Electronic Residency Application Service
(ERAS)
Day CS et al. The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 2010;92(13):2328-2335
22. Radiation Oncology – Residents in Training
Race/Ethnicity and Gender 2003 - 2011
23. Radiation Oncology – Residents in Training
Race/Ethnicity and Gender 2003 - 2011
GU
PEDS
RadOnc
Start Medical
School
A R F
24. Radiation Oncology – Residents in Training
Race/Ethnicity and Gender 2003 - 2011
GU
RadOnc
PEDS
Start Medical
School
25. Urology Residency Applicants
ERAS 2011
• Total applicants 431
By Gender
• Male 325
• Female 106
By Race
• White 242
• Black 31
ERAS 2012
• Total applicants 507
By Gender
• Male 385
• Female 122
By Race
• White 291
• Black 39
`Number of Black Applicants by Year 2008 – 2012:
(Range : 31-39)
27. African American Experience
Urologic Residency
• Electronic survey mailed to RFJUS
members
– November 2012
– Emailed to 61 RFJUS Members
– Response rate 36%
– 10 questions (Survey)
• Respondents (N = 22)
– 77% Male 23% Female
28. Medical Schools Attended – RFJUS
• U. Michigan (2)
• U. Pittsburgh
• Morehouse
• Temple
• UCSD (2)
• Yale
• Stanford
• Howard
• U Minnesota
• U. Kanasas
• U. Miami
• Cornell
• Albany Medical
College
• Meharry (2)
• Northwestern
• Johns Hopkins (3)
• Columbia
29. Urology Training Programs– RFJUS
• U. Michigan (4)
• Emory University
• Henry Ford
• UT Southwestern
• VCU (Virginia)
• SUNY Buffalo (2)
• Albert
Einstein/Montefiore
• Columbia (2)
• Harvard (BWH)
• U. Kanasas
• Medical College of
Wisconsin
• NYU
• Johns Hopkins
• UCSF
• United States Navy
• UT Houston
• Eastern Virginia
30. African American Experience
Urologic Residency
RESPONDENTS: 22 of 22RESPONDENTS: 22 of 22
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0% 0
4.55% 1
22.73% 5
31.82% 7
40.91% 9
PAGE 1
Q1Q1
How many years have you been in practice
following residency or fellowship?
Answered: 22 Skipped: 0
2-5 years
5-10 years
10-20 years
> 20 years
0-2 years0-2 years
2-5 years2-5 years
5-10 years5-10 years
10-20 years10-20 years
> 20 years> 20 years
TotalTotal 2222
Q2Q2
What is your gender?
ExportChart TypeChart Type Display OptionsDisplay Options
Answer Choices Responses
ExportChart TypeChart Type Display OptionsDisplay Options
22.73% 5
77.27% 17
4.55% 1
81.82% 18
9.09% 2
0% 0
9.09% 2
FemaleFemale
MaleMale
TotalTotal 2222
Q3Q3
How would you describe your ethnic
background?
Answered: 22 Skipped: 0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
African
African-Ameri
can
African-Carib
bean
African-Europ
ean
Other (please
specify)
AfricanAfrican
African-AmericanAfrican-American
African-CaribbeanAfrican-Caribbean
African-EuropeanAfrican-European
Other (please specify) Expand
Total Respondents:Total Respondents: 2222
Answer Choices Responses
ExportChart TypeChart Type Display OptionsDisplay Options
Answer Choices Responses
45. Canadian Urologic Association Journal 2011;5(3):182-185
5 Dimensions of Personality were analyzed using the Validated personality inventory – NEO PI-R
46. Urologic “Pipeline” Considerations
• Gender Gap in undergraduate degree
students is Wider for African
Americans than Caucasian Americans
• Post baccaculaureate degrees “ Pool”
of eligible medical school applicants
– Whites Women > Men (12.8%)
– Blacks Women > Men (31.7%)
47. Urologic “Pipeline” Considerations
• Estimated by 2020
– 60% of Latino medical school applicants
(Females)
– 70% of African American medical school
applicants (Females)
• Recruitment strategies into Future
Urology Programs for African
Americans will need to account for
this Gender gap
57. Current Programs to Improve
Diversity in GME
• UCSF Graduate Medical Education
Diversity Program
– Residency Diversity Committee
• MGH Multicultural Affairs Office
– Started in 1992
– Focus on residency recruitment and
pipeline development (i.e. Summer
research training program)
• Vanderbilt University SOM
– Associate Dean for Diversity
58. Current Programs to Improve
Diversity in Physician Workforce
• American Association of Orthopaedics
Surgeons
• American College of Surgeons
• NIH Diversity in Biomedical Research
(http://acd.od.nih.gov/dbr.htm)
• Robert Wood Johnson
• American Gastroenterological Association
– NIH R25 Grant to support minority
undergraduates and medical students
59. Current Programs to Improve
Diversity in Physician Workforce
• American Association of Orthopaedics
Surgeons
• American College of Surgeons
• NIH Diversity in Biomedical Research
(http://acd.od.nih.gov/dbr.htm)
• Robert Wood Johnson
• American Gastroenterological Association
– NIH R25 Grant to support minority
undergraduates and medical students
61. Conclusion
• R. Frank Jones, MD and Howard
Department of Surgery have been pivotal
in the training of African American
Urologic Surgeons
• 46% of our members were the first
African American in their residency
training program
• 55% trained with other African-American
urology residents during their training
• 50% did experience racial challenges as a
resident or fellow.
62. R. Frank Jones Urologic Society
• Intentional undergraduate and medical
school strategies will need to be employed
to continue to attract African Americans
into the field of urology
• A Gender gap exists between no. male vs
female African American medical students
– Needs to be considered in the
recruitment of African American
Urologists