2. â˘Do you know what is Touretteâs Disorder?
â˘Do you know anyone with this disorder?
3. Origin of the Disorder LabelOrigin of the Disorder Label
⢠Itard
â Physician in 1825
â Observed client with tics & copralalia
⢠Gilles de la Tourette
â Physician in 1885
â Wrote first detailed reports on disorder
4. Zentall 2004 4
TOURETTE SYNDROME
⢠a physical disorder of the brain which causes involuntary
movements (motor tics) and involuntary vocalizations (vocal
tics)
⢠Prevalence: 1 in 2,500 people in US
⢠Boys outnumber girls 3 to 1
⢠Tics
â begin before age 21 (typically around age 7)
â change in location, frequency, severity
â last a lifetime
â must be present for at least a year for diagnosis
â other symptoms may also be present
5. TICS MOVEMENTS
⢠Tics are involuntary, sudden, rapid, recurrent,
nonrhythmic, stereotyped motor movements
or vocalizations.
7. Zentall 2004 7
EXAMPLES OF TICS
⢠VOCAL: Simple:
throat-clearing
sniffing
coughing
grunting
spitting
yelling
belching
⢠VOCAL: Complex:
animal sounds
repeating words or phrases
out of context
coprolalia
palilalia
echolalia
8. ⢠Coprolalia is the use of obscene words or phrases.
⢠Echolalia is the repetition of the last-heard words of
others.
⢠Palilalia is the repetition of oneâs own words.
9. 4 TYPES OF TIC DISORDERS
⢠Touretteâs Disorder
⢠Transient Tic Disorder
⢠Chronic Motor or Vocal Tic Disorders
⢠Tic Disorder not otherwise specified.
11. Zentall 2004 11
WARNING SIGNS
⢠Most develop
â eye tic first
â facial tics or involuntary sounds
â others within weeks or months
⢠common examples: head jerks, grimaces, hand-to-face movements
⢠Symptoms can:
â change over time
â vary (frequency, type, or intensity)
â increase in intensity during early adolescence (12-15)
â improve in less extreme cases during adulthood
12. ⢠Touretteâs Disorder was 1st
decribed in a
patient in 1885 by George Gilles de la
Tourette.
⢠He noted several similar symptoms among
several patients and these symptoms
included multiple motor tics, coprolia,
palilalia, and echolalia.
13. PREVALENCE
⢠The lifetime prevalence of Touretteâs Disorder
is estimated to be 4 to 5 persons per 10,000
people.
14. AGE GROUP
⢠This disorder occurs by the age 7 and vocal
tics emerge at age 11.
⢠This disorder occurs about 3 times more often
in boys than girls.
15. 15
Childrenâs Quotes
⢠âI was devastated when I found out I had TS. I thought I was going to be a
normal boy. But Iâm not. My life is awful. I feel like Iâm missing out on a lot of
things because of my tics. I will feel a lot better if my tics go. If they donât I will
learn to put up with them.â (Neil, 9yrs)
⢠âI used to get asked why I blinked all the time and everyone used to get angry
at me because I couldnât help looking at them and I always get harassed.â
⢠âMy teacher treats me like an angel and manages my TS really well. The other
students try to be understanding as my teacher has told them all about TS.â
(Neil, 9yrs)
⢠Lyle who is 9 years has Aspergergs and TS, and says he feels like heâs in prison
when he is at school.
16. DISORDER ASSOCIATION
⢠Thereâs a relation between Touretteâs
disorder, ADHD( attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder) and OCD (Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder).
22. ⢠Stuttering
â abnormal breathing
pattern
â embarrassing physical
characteristics
â can substitute more
acceptable speech
patterns
â support groups
â periods of fluency
⢠Touretteâs
âabnormal
breathing pattern
âembarrassing tics
âcan substitute
more acceptable
tics
âsupport groups
âtic free periods
subgroup of
Touretters who
stutter, and
stutterers with
Touretteâs
23. CRITERIA FOR TOURETTEâS DISORDER
⢠Multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics have
been present at some time during the illness
⢠Tics occur many times a day, nearly everyday or
throughout a period of more than 1 year and they
are never tic-free for more than 3 months
⢠The onset is before the age of 18 years
24. Zentall 2004 24
DSM-IV
⢠onset before age 18
⢠person has both multiple motor and one or more verbal tics
⢠tics occur many times a day (usually in clusters), nearly every day
or intermittently for more than a year
--------------------------
25. CRITERIA
⢠The disturbance is not due to the direct
physiological effects of a substance or a
general medical condition.
Âť DSM-IV
26. TREATMENTS
⢠Pharmacological treatments are most effective for
Touretteâs disorder, but patients with mild cases
may not require medications.
Psychotherapy will help patients cope with the
symptoms, personality, and behavioral tendencies;
however, it is ineffective as a primary treatment.
27. Zentall 2004 27
Facts
⢠Tics can worsen with the use of caffeinated
beverages, cough syrup, recreational drugs and
diet medication
⢠Identical twins, whose genes are identical, may
have tics that differ in the intensity and
frequency. This means that non-genetic factors
underlie these differences.
(Neuroscience for Kids-Tourette Syndrome.)
29. SOCIALIZATION
⢠Children with Touretteâs disorder or any tic disorder
can be socially strained.
⢠Severe social, academics, and vocational
consequences can reap havoc on a childâs social life.
⢠Socialization can be damaged so severe that suicide
is contemplated in some cases.
30. 30
Academics
⢠Normal levels of
intelligence
⢠Personal distress
⢠Low self esteem &
social problems
⢠School failure
⢠Tics can make simple
routine activities
difficult - ex. reading &
writing
⢠Cause anxiety
⢠Involuntary multiple
motor and vocal tics
⢠Obsessive compulsive
tendencies
⢠Short attention span /
ADD
⢠High anxiety
⢠Learning disabilities
31. Zentall 2004 31
Treatment
Strategies⢠Provide access to a private
room for tension and tic
release
⢠Offer short breaks
⢠Break long assignments
into smaller parts
⢠Allow movement around
the room
⢠Have a rest/safe area- Ex.
bean bag chair
⢠Try to ignore tic behaviors
that are not seriously
disruptive
(Wilson, Jeni. Shrimpton, Bradely. Planning Learning for
students with Tourette Syndrome. Student
Disability Conference, 2003).
⢠Modify abusive vocal
tic patterns
⢠Modify socially
inappropriate or
disruptive vocal tics /
noises
⢠Monitor expressive
suprasegmentals
⢠Monitor receptive
language
development and
processing (LLD)
⢠Teach good vocal
hygiene habits
32. PROGNOSIS
⢠Touretteâs disorder is usually a chronic,
lifelong disease with relative remissions and
exacerbations.
⢠Initial symptoms may decrease, persist, or
increase, and old symptoms may be replaced
by new ones.
33. PROGNOSIS
⢠Severely afflicted persons may have serious
emotional problems, including major
depressive disorder.
⢠Some of these difficulties appear to be
associated with Touretteâs disorder.
35. FACTS OF INTERESTFACTS OF INTEREST
⢠Genetic predisposition
â autosomal (non-sex chromosome) dominant
â male has 99% chance; female has 70% chance
⢠Incidence
â 1 in 2,500
â 3 to 1 male/female
⢠Characteristics fluctuate over time
⢠Onset before age 18; average 7 years
36. Linkage AnalysisLinkage Analysis
⢠Somatic cells contain paired chromosomes, one
from each parent
⢠At gamete formation, paired chromosomes coil
around each other and exchange material
⢠Portions of DNA close together tend to be inherited
together
⢠Many genes take same form in everyone
⢠Some genes have several different versions (alleles)
⢠Noncoding âjunkâ DNA can vary considerably
between people; can be genetic marker to identify
parent DNA
37. ⢠Genetic investigations have supported the role of both
dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) and dopamine
transporter gene (DAT1) in the vulnerability to the
disorder.
⢠The DRD4 gene has been postulated as a candidate
gene for attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder
â Lower DA binding in basal ganglia
â Increased DA transport in frontal lobes
38. Dopamine
⢠Up to 40% of OCD patients do not respond to SSRIs
⢠Cocaine worsens compulsions in Tourette syndrome
⢠Family studies show OCD and Tourettes are linked
leading
⢠Use of older antipsychotics that block DA receptors
added to ongoing SSRI reduces severity of symptoms in
resistant clients (especially those with Tourettes)
40. ⢠Tourettes: believed to be caused by
abnormally high dopamine levels in some part
of brain
41. MEDICATIONS
⢠Haloperidol is the most frequently prescribed
drug for Touretteâs disorder.
⢠As many as 70 to 90% of patientâs symptoms
decrease with this drug and this drug is used
on 80% of the patients.
Tourettes =
conventional
antipsychotics and
SSRIs
Haloperidol
âsomewhat effective
âstrange side effects:
halucinations
42. SUMMARY COMMENTSSUMMARY COMMENTS
⢠Touretteâs Syndrome difficult to diagnose
due to variability of symptoms
⢠Primary intervention in pharmacological
treatment; not always accepted by adults
due to side effects
⢠Can have significant social, emotional,
vocational impact
⢠Team approach with SLP as member
43. Responsibility to Touretteâs patients
⢠Clinicians should prescribe the proper diagnosis and
prognosis to the patient with Touetteâs disorder.
⢠Parents should ensure that their child receive proper
care for this disorder.
⢠Parents should have open communication with the
child(ren) to know what he/she is feeling.
Hinweis der Redaktion
TOURETTES SYNDROME: definition-(see slide)
In most cases teachers did not approach parents about what is happening at school unless there were major behavioral or learning problems. This has meant that often parents are largely unaware of what is going on. Parents are grateful for a teachers interest to discuss their childâs TS. Parents of students with TS want teachers to realize that it is a real condition needing special attention even though it is not obvious, want teachers to be flexible, understand the loss of concentration that comes with TS and the impact this has on their schooling and how they feel about themselves, if their child or another student with TS requests extra time for completing work donât think that itâs an excuse. Look at it compassionately. Put yourself in their situation. Itâs not as straight forward as for a normal child. Whatâs two or three days more? Encourage students to be positive, ignore tics and realize they have TS before handing down punishments, and understand that they need a bit more one-on-one to help them keep on a level with the classroom.
Obsessions: Obsessions are unwanted thoughts or ideas that occur often and persistently and are experienced involuntarily (Mayo Clinic Health Information Website). They appear over and over again and gives the individual a feeling of being out of control. The person doesnât want to have the ideas and finds them invading, bothersome, and senseless (Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation Website). The individual with OCD recognizes that the obsessions are not imposed from without, instead they are a product of their own mind. The individual tries to ignore or suppress the obsessions (Rapoport, 1990). People with OCD say the symptoms feel like a case of mental hiccups that wonât go away (Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation Website). Compulsions: Compulsions are defined as repetitive, purposeful, intentional behaviors performed in response to an obsession. Many individuals with OCD are not aware of any specific reason for their compulsions. They just know that performing these actions will relieve their anxiety and prevent them from feeling bad (Rapoport, 1990). The person with OCD does not get pleasure from the compulsions, instead they are used to get relief from the discomfort that comes form obsessions (Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation Website).
. Compulsions ď Compulsions are repetitive behaviors, the goal of which is to prevent or reduce anxiety or distress, not to provide pleasure or gratification. ď In most cases, the person feels driven to perform the compulsion to reduce the distress that accompanies an obsession, or to prevent some dreaded event or situation. ď In some cases, individuals perform rigid or stereotyped acts according to idiosyncratically elaborated rules, without being able to indicate why they are doing them. ď By definition, compulsions are either clearly excessive or are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent. ď The most common compulsions involve washing and cleaning, counting, checking, requesting or demanding assurances, repeating actions, and ordering. (Alarcon 1991) . Obsessions ď Obsessions are persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive and inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or distress. ď The most common obsessions are repeated thoughts about contamination, repeated doubts, a need to have things in a particular order, aggressive or horrific impulses, and sexual imagery. ď The thoughts, impulses, or images are not simply excessive worries about real-life problems and are unlikely to be related to a real-life problem.
Boys more likely to have tics, and girls to have OC symptoms; but both can have any of the symptoms of TS (Note: main reason for including it as a separate subtype is the co-occurrence of TS symptoms with other SEH disorders; With co-occurring ADD or ADHD, symptoms of attention disorders often appear before motor or vocal tics do. MEDS for ADHD can actually make tics worse or hasten their appearance. But there are some that can be used--discuss later AGRRESSION- connection between TS and aggression is not yet clear but may have to do with difficulty regulating aggression (aggression also occurs more frequently in TS if already have hyperactivity, impulsivity, or ADD)
DSM-IV: Differential Diagnosis= involves comparing childâs behavior with the behavior of children with other disorders that might produce the same symptoms. A way of ruling out what disorders child does NOT have, and determining what disorder he does have. -may rule out head trauma, brain tumors, epilepsy, autistic disorders, muscular dytrophy or transient tic disorder( occurs less that 12 consecutive months), cerebral palsy, Parkinsonâs disease-- A Pediatric Neurologist (medical doctor specializing in diagnosing and treating neurological disorders in children) or a Neuro-Psychiatrist ( also knows about OCD, depression, bi-polar disorders, ADHD-and more familiar with medications used to treat associated difficluties) may help with diagnosis.
Tic suppression requires much energy and can cause stress which may interfere with a studentâs ability to concentrate on classroom tasks. Peers negative responses to tics can cause anxiety, which in turn increase tics and generate self-doubt. Even if a teacher is accepting of tics, students may still try to suppress tics because of concern for unwanted reactions from peers. Children with Tourettes are not usually disruptive students but can be labeled as naughty and weird.
Accommodate to students individual needs. A learning plan should consider the many dimensions of TS, including the physical, social-emotional, medical, and psychological needs. Collaborate with children, parents, teachers, and sometimes counselors. Parental involvement is usually highly desired, although this can be difficult for parents. Parental stress associated with dealing with schools, usually for modifying for their child, are reported. Since the syndrome causes excessive movement, interruptions, tension and pain, it makes simple routine activities like reading and writing more difficult (Robertson and Baron-Cohen, 1998) Frustration is another problem for children with TS and some emotional difficulties, such as anxiety and depression (Bruun and Bruun, 1994). Because of all this, it is hard for these students to make friends.
Recent research using the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan of the brain has shown that the brain patterns of a patients suffering from OCD are different than those seen with other disorders and mental illnesses. This bears out to show that possibly OCD is caused by a neurobiological malfunction involving the brains use of the neurotransmitter Serotonin (Sourcebook, p 279). As with any physical illness and or mental illness treatment should be sought as soon as the disorder is noticeable. The sooner the better is a phrase that applies. This can prevent the OCD from reaching a severe level of dysfunction if treatment is sought and followed through. It is extremely difficult for personâs with OCD to admit they have a problem, because in the early stages it can be ignored by the patient or passed of as this is no big deal. Then, later in life it becomes a big deal and they may be so embarrassed that they do not seek help (Griest,1990). According to the DSM-IV, a specifier can be added to the diagnosis when the patient does not recognize the obsession or the compulsion as excessive or unreasonable (p 419).