Remake of foldable #2

1. Organic
Molecules

2. 4 Groups of Organic Compounds
Found in Living Things
• “Organic” Compounds
– Organic means “contains
Carbon”

3. Carbon Molecules
Carbon-based
molecules have
three basic
structures
Straight Chain
Branched Chain
Ring
All structures based on carbon's ability to form four
covalent bonds

4. • “Biomolecules” = large organic compounds
– Built by bonding small molecules (monomers)
together to form chains called “polymers”
– Formed by a chemical reaction called
“condensation”

5. Condensation
H OH
H20
H20
H20
“lysis” = split apart
HOW TO BUILD A LARGER MOLECULE BY COMBINING SMALLER MOLECULES.
HOW TO BREAK DOWN A LARGER MOLECULE INTO SMALLER MOLECULES.
Hydrolysis

6. • ISOMER = Compounds with the same
chemical formula, but different 3D structure
Chemical formula
C6H1206 = glucose
C6H1206 = fructose
3D Structure
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
CH2OH
O
HOCH2
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH

7. CARBOHYDRATES
• Made up of C, H, & O
• Main source of
energy
• Used for structural
purposes in plants
(cellulose)

8. CARBOHYDRATES
• SIMPLEST = single sugar molecules =
“monosaccharide”
– Example: glucose, fructose
glucose
Monosaccharide
fructose
Monosaccharide Disaccharide
sucrose
H20
Think of each
monosaccharide
as a lego piece.
A disaccharide is
made up of two
monosaccharides

9. CARBOHYDRATES
• LARGEST = “polysaccharide”
– Example: starch, fiber, cellulose, glycogen
Polysaccharide
A polysaccharide is
made up of many
monosaccharides.

10. Lipids
• Aka “fats”
• Made up of mostly C & H
• Ex: fats, oils, waxes, steroids
• Used to store energy (insulation, too)
• Part of the cell membrane and waterproof
covering
• ALL are INSOLUBLE in water because
they are NON POLAR

11. Most fats in our
bodies and foods
are in the form of
'triglyceride'
molecules
= one glycerol
(or glycerin, a
sugar alcohol) +
three fatty acids
attached
Lipids

12. Lipids
2
Long chain of CH is called “fatty acid chain”
Example: lard
= maximum # of H+ atoms
Example: olive
oil
= at least 1 C = C (carbon-carbon
double bond)
= more than one C = C
(carbon-carbon double bond)
Example: cooking oil

14. Nucleic Acids
• They contain C, H, O, N, P
• Nucleic Acids = polymers (made up of
nucleotides)
nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide
N N N
“Nucleic Acid”
monomermonomer

15. Nucleic Acids
• 3 parts of a nucleotide
A) 5 carbon sugar
(pentose)
B) Phosphate group
C) Nitrogenous base

16. Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit genetic info
• 2 types
– DNA sugar = deoxyribose
– RNA sugar = ribose

17. Proteins
• Contain C, H, O, N and some S
• Basic building block = Amino acid (AA)
• Peptide bonds hold molecules (AA) together
Peptide bond

18. Proteins
• 3 parts of an amino acid
– amino acid (-NH2)
– carboxyl group (-COOH)
– R group (always different)
• Hydrogen bonds fold
amino acid into
specific shapes for
function

19. Protein
• Each protein has a
specific role
– Control rate of reaction
– Regulate cell processes
– Form bones and muscles
– Transport substances
in/out of cell
• Example: “enzymes” =
“proteins” that change
rate of reaction, increase
pH and temperature