3. Introduction (First Aid)
• What is First Aid?
• Aims of First Aid
• The ABC of Life
• First Aid Priority
• 4 stages of consciousness
• Examination Techniques
4. What is First Aid?
• Initial help given to a casualty
before the arrival of professionals
5. Aims of First Aid
• To preserve life
• To promote recovery
• To prevent others injuries
6. The ABC of Life
• Airway- Check the airways are
open and clear, no obstructions
• Breathing- Look and see that the
chest is rising and falling. Sound of
breathing
• Circulation- Check for pulse
7. First Aid Priority
• Safety
• Consciousness
• Pulse & Respiration
• Bleeding
• Fractures
• Poisoning
• Shock
• Disposal of casualty
8. 4 stages of consciousness
• Fully Conscious
• Drowsiness
• Stupor
• Coma
9. Examination Techniques
• Hands- Check nails and palms for
anaemia
• Pulse- Check the rate, rhythm &
volume
• Blood pressure- Hypotension is
low, hypotension is high
• Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth
• Neck- check not broken or bruised
• Chest- Lungs and heart
10. • Head- Eyes, ears,lips and mouth
• Neck- check not broken or bruised
• Chest- Lungs and heart
• Abdomen- Liver, spleen, kidneys
• Limps- Look, feel, move
18. Treatments
• Remove any clothing from around
the wound
• Clean the skin round the wound
and irrigate the wound to remove
any dirt
• Cover it with a clean dressing
19. Dressing
When applying sterile dressing…
• Remove the wrapping
• Unfold the dressing pad, holding
the bandage on each side of the
pad. Put the pad directly on the
wound.
20. • Wind the short end of the bandage
once around the limb and the
dressing to secure the pad, leaving
the tail hanging free
• To secure the bandage, tie the ends
in a reef knot, tied over the pad to
exert firm pressure on the wound
• Check the circulation to the
extremity of the injured limb
21. Bleedings
• Arterial bleeding
• Venous bleeding
• Capillary bleeding
• Treatment for bleeding
• Signs
and symptoms of internal bleeding
22. Arterial bleeding
• Bright red
• Spurts out
• Under high pressure
• Richly oxgenated
23. Venous bleeding
• Dark red
• Gushing out
• Under lesser pressure than arterial
bleeding
• Given up its oxygen
25. Treatment for bleeding
– Severe wounds
• Apply direct pressure to the wound
in order to stop the flow of the
blood
• Apply sterile dressing with firm
pressure to control the bleeding
• If there is no fracture, try to raise
the limb that has been wounded &
support it
26. and symptoms of internal blee
• Pale, clammy skin
• Rapid and weak pulse
• Rapid, shallow breathing
• Tenderness in abdomen
• Any pain of discomfort
• Nausea and/or vomiting
• Shock
27. Fractures
• What is a fracture?
• Types of fractures
• Signs
• Treatment
28. What is a fracture?
• A closed, or simple, fracture is
where the broken bone ends remain
beneath the skin, whereas an open,
or compound, fracture is where
both ends of the bone protrude
through the skin
29. Types of fractures
• Simple fracture
• Compound fracture
• Complicated fracture ( includes
organs)
• Neck fracture
• Skull fracture
• Fractured ribs
• Greenstick Fracture(happen to small
children )
31. Treatment
• Do not try to force the bones back
together again but seek medical
assistance
• Treat all open wounds with a clean
dressing
• Splint the fractured area in exactly
the position that you find it in,
pending removal to hospital or the
arrival of expert medical aid
32. • If the arm is fracture, splint it, and
then set up a sling if the arm can be
moved across the chest.
• Do not move the victim at all if
you suspect a spinal injury
33. Burns
• - Type of burn
• First degree
• Second degree
• Third degree
34. First degree
• Top layer of skin
• Skin turns red and then peels off
• Treatment: Rehydrating creams,
Cool water at regular intervals
35. Second degree
• Deeper damage to the skin, causing
blisters. Shock.
• Treatment: Use antibacterial
dressing, or leave wound undressed
but kept scrupulously clean.
38. What is CPR?
• Used when the patient has stopped
breathing and when there is no
pulse
• Only be performed by someone
who has had training in this
method
39. Steps of CPR
• Tilt victim’s head backwards in
order to open the airway
• Pinch the victim’s nose with thumb
and forefinger
• Take a deep breath, place your
mouth tightly over the victim’s
mouth and blow air from yours
into their mouth
40. • Stop blowing when the victim’s
chest is expanded
• Lift your hand from the victim and
watch for the chest to fall. Give the
victim further quick breaths, taking
a deep breath yourself between
each one.
41. • Carry on blowing into the victim’s
lungs at a rate of 12 breaths per
minute until the victim begins to
breathe on his or her own.
• You can stop blowing at this stage.
43. What is shock?
• Rapid lowering of blood pressure
owing to lack of circulating
volume to vital body organs, such
as the brain, heart, liver and
kidneys.
44. Signs
• Weak and giddy
• Nausea/ may vomit
• Thirst
• Rapid shallow breathing
• Weak Pulse
45. Treatment
• Lay casualty down
• Reassure the casualty
• Raise and support the leg
• Loosen tight clothing
• Keep casualty warm
• Check and record the casualty’s
breathing, pulse, level of response
46. Asthma attack
– Treatment
• Reassure and calm casualty
• Find a position that the person
finds comfortable
• Tell him/her to try taking slow,
deep breaths
• Help to find the reliever(Blue)
47. • Allow casualty to use it and it will
take effect within minutes
• If attack eases within 5-10 minutes,
encourage him/her to take another
dose and breathe slowly and
deeply
• Tell casualty to inform doctor if
attack is very severe or first attack