1. Prepared by Raizza Corpuz
in the Last Two
Hundred Years

2. What is the Historical
EVOLUTION of SOCIAL
SCIENCES in the last 200 years?

3. 1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE
2. THE ARCHETYPAL EPOCH of
SOCIAL SCIENCE
3. THE SUBSTANTIVE EMERGENCE
OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. I. HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE

5. BASIC QUERY

6. Towards the EPOCH
1700 1800 1900
Industrial RevolutionFrench Revolution

7. Industrial Revolution
RenaissanceRenaissance
ReformationReformation
Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution
Civil Revolution
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
1700 1900

8. Middle Ages & Renaissance
Period
1. Humanistic and devoted to history
2. Christian theology were taken up by
intellectual leaders
3. Humanism as the most significant
aspect of ancient philosophy

9. IF WE LOOK BACK TO HISTORY
• 1620-1750: Early 17th
century, during 150
years beginning in that decade there is
already an achievements and innovations in
the field of BIOLOGICAL and PHYSICAL
SCIENCES while the SOCIAL SCIENCES remain

10. 17th century
• The observation-based natural philosophy
was replaced by natural science, which
attempted to define and test scientific laws.
• Social science continued this trend,
attempting to find laws to explain social
behavior, which had become problematic
with the decline of tradition and the rise of
modernity and industrialization.

11. Sociology's origins in philosophy and
the humanities are still evident in tensions
between quantitative and qualitative
sociology, positivist and interpretive
sociology, and objective and critical sociology.

12. • Social science adopted quantitative
measurement and statistical methods from
natural science to find laws of social behavior,
as demonstrated in Emile Durkheim's book
Suicide.
• But sociology may also use qualitative
methods

13. Positivist sociology (also known as
empiricist) attempts to predict
outcomes based on observed
variables. Interpretive sociology
(which Max Weber
called verstehen, German for
"understanding") attempts to
understand a culture or
phenomenon on its own terms.

14. 1700-1800
Mid 18th
Century
Mid 18th
Century
CapitalismCapitalism
Civil RevolutionCivil Revolution
Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

15. French Revolution and
the Industrial Revolution
• the breakup of the old order—an order that
had rested on kinship, land, social class,
religion, local community and monarchy

16. ECONOMIC EFFECTS
Between the 1780s and 1849
• economic transformation that embraced the
first stages of the great Industrial Revolution
and a still more general expansion of
commercial activity
• Major economic change was spurred by
western Europe’s tremendous population
growth

17. Capitalis
m
Capitalis
m
Civil
Revolutio
n
Civil
Revolutio
n
Industrial
Revolutio
n
Industrial
Revolutio
n
Economy Socio-Politics
Society
Socio, economic political
reformation

18. There are two views about human
society
1. Social Sciences
2. Natural Sciences

20. 2 views about Human Society
NATURAL
SCIENCE
NATURAL
SCIENCE
SOCIAL
SCIENCE
SOCIAL
SCIENCE
Biological Origins of Society,
explaining the evolutionary
terms
Biological Origins of Society,
explaining the evolutionary
terms
Shaped by structure s like
the economy or culture
Shaped by structure s like
the economy or culture

21. SOCIAL SCIENCESOCIAL SCIENCE

22. 19th-century
• politics, industry and trade is basically about
the practical efforts of human beings to
reconsolidate these elements
• so the history of social thought is about
theoretical efforts to reconsolidate them—
: that is, to give them new
contexts of meaning

23. and from there spread to other
parts of the world.
• Industrial Revolution, in modern history,
the process of change from an agrarian,
handicraft economy to one dominated
by industry and machine manufacture.

24. The first attempt to establish
politics as social science
• Established political science as an empirical, positive
discipline, by using a METHOD a theory that unified SOCIAL
SCIENCE.
COMPARATIVE
METHOD

25. 1. Clannishness of many social scientist
• professional jealousy, rigid thinking, vested
interest in theories
2. Lack of common concepts or conceptual
apparatus
2 MAIN HINDRANCES in THE
UNIFICATION of SOCIAL
SCIENCE

26. 3 Characteristic FEATURE of
the History of SOCIAL
SCIENCE in the 19th
century
The various disciplines of SOCIAL
SCIENCE became elaborated
and CONSCIOUS

27. 3 Conditions of the Formation of NEW
SPECIALIZED DISCIPLINE

28. Stages in the course of
development of the various social-
science disciplines in the `19th
century, is the same with the
“older “natural sciences

29. 1. Recognition of the new set of problems
2. the conscious attempt to lie down and
perfect methods of research and
investigation of the discipline
3. the unification of both the theoretical
rivalries tend to be submerged and to
elaborate Propositions in bridging
differences

30. First Systematic Theory
= EXAMINATION OF LAWS OF MOVEMENT
• NEWTONIAN THEORY
• PHYSICAL THEORY
• THEORY of RELATIVITY
• QUANTUM THEORY
• WAVE MECHANICS
• ATOMIC THEORY
NATURAL
SCIENCE
NATURAL
SCIENCE

31. LATE 18th
and 19th
century
SYTEMATIC ECONOMIC THEORY

32. • Centered around the social product
• KARL MARX , CLASSICAL ECONOMICS
• 1870’s- the principles of Marginalism
ABSTRACT THEORY
• problems of methodology in economics have
tended to drop from the literature

33. MARX
• Marxism is not attempting simply
to understand society; it does not
only predict the rise of a
revolutionary proletariat that will
overturn capitalism, but also
actively mobilizes persons to do
this.
• It intervenes to change the world

35.
PSYCHOLOGY
• systematic science of personality
• the combination of ideas in the study
of mental diseases etc
• Contributed for the development of
several psychological theories
• 1914, psychoanalysis
• Behaviourism
• Development of Gestalt Psychology
in 1920

36. • FREUDIAN THEORY
• Psychology—different views of biological or
sociological factors rather than to conflicts
over theory between social science and
sociological theory

37. ANTHROPOLOGY and SOCIOLOGY
• sciences which, from the very outset had to
deal with such a vast array of methodological
considerations

38. 2 PROBLEMS in the HISTORY of
the SOCIAL SCIENCES in the 19th
century
1. Examination of the situation existing at the
time of the various disciplines split off the
mainstream of social theory
2. Description of the institutional acceptance of
the disciplines as self-contained independent
whole

39. 1st
half of the 19th
century
• Coordinated programs of study and research
2nd
half of the 19th
century
• Eloquent evidence of the progressive
recognition of the social science disciplines
• The academic influence in the professional
journal is overwhelming

40. The change of the 18th
to
20th
century truly is
significant

41. • Social scientist has become
specialized academic professional
• Changes the whole society and the
educational system of the advanced
counties
• Brought great progress in scientific
knowledge, it also shown defects
and weaknesses

42. • It enhances the clannishness of
academic specialists
• Tended to make the limits between
the disciplines more rigid
• To perpetuate specialties which
have lost much of their original
reason for being

43. The CONCEPT OF EVOLUTION
• provided a basis for empirical research in the
realm of physical development of man, but it
also suggested the like hood of discovering
new knowledge about human society, it was
applied
to CULTURAL CHANGE

44. ANTHROPOLOGICAL THEORY
• Unified body of thought
• Combination of the data collected by
ethnographic and archeological research of
many men
• The analogy between historical stages of
culture and contemporary cultures on
different levels led to the
• The development of human personality from
birth on was interpreted in analogy with the
progress of the HUMAN SPIRIT in history

45. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE
THEORY OF EVOLUTION on the
emergence of:
• Anthropology
• Psychology
• Sociology

46. THE ARCHETYPAL EPOCH of
SOCIAL SCIENCE

47. Synthesis of the SCIENCES of Man
and SOCIETY
• COMTE, SPENCER and MARX even MILL (later
in the century) and German sociology
attempted to produce a synthetic social
science.

48. Social scientists began to adopt the
scientific method to make sense of
the rapid changes accompanying
modernization and
industrialization.

49. COMTE
• he argued that SOCIOLOGY was to
be the “queen science” that
would stand at the top of a
hierarchy of all sciences—

50. The Law of Three Stages
It states that society as a whole, and each
particular science develops through three
mentally conceived stages:
(1)the theological stage,
(2) the metaphysical stage,
(3) the positive stage.

51. SPENCER
• Social Darwinism and Spencer
• Herbert Spencer created what he
called "sociology," a synthetic
philosophy that tried to find a set
of rules explaining social behavior.
• extended Darwin's ideas about
evolution into social life and
ethics, hence the term "social
Darwinism."

52. • to Spencer's synthetic philosophy, the laws
of nature applied without exception to the
organic realm as much as the inorganic, and to
the human mind as much as the rest of
creation.

53. • Spencer conceptualized society as a "social
organism" that evolved from a simpler state
to a more complex one, according to
the universal law of evolution.
• Spencer is perhaps best known for coining the
term "survival of the fittest " elaborating what
came to be known as the philosophy of social
Darwinism

54. Marxist History – Historical
Materialism
• Marxist history is based strictly on a scientific
view of the world, incorporating the science of
evolution and the dialectic path of thesis,
antithesis, and synthesis.
• Marxist evolution shapes its view of history
based on the belief that humanity, as well as
other living things, is constantly improving and
will continue to do so.

55. • Marx sees society evolving through stages
• He focuses on dialectical class conflict to
control the means of production as the driving
force behind social evolution.

58. 18th century
• there was history, not social sciences
• the founders of Political Economy (Smith,
Cantillon, Hume, Physiocrats) discovered
regularity in the operations of the market
which opened the possibility of investigating
human actions from a different than moral
judgment, namely in terms of human choice
and preference

59. • the elements of social cognition are abstract
and not reducible to concrete images one
would like to have metaphors.
• These are based in positivist view of social
science that holds that social science should
be built up by experimental method as
ideally applied in Newtonian physics.

60. ARGUMENT:
• Social sciences have a distinct method,
praxeology and verstehen, due to the special
character of their objects, and owe their
progress through it and do not have to and
cannot use the method of the natural
sciences.

61. Economics
• deals with human action, not with objects (as
physics does) such as commodities, economic
quantities or prices.

62. Verstehen
• Verstehen was introduced into philosophy and
the human sciences (Geisteswissenschaften)
• He first made a distinction between nature
and history in terms of the categories of space
and time.
The method of the natural sciences is
explanation (erklären), while that of
history is understanding (verstehen).

63. • The concept of Verstehen was later used by
the German philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey to:
describe the first-person participatory
perspective that agents have on their
individual experience as well as their
culture, history, and society.

65. • it is developed in the context of the theory
and practice of interpretation (as understood
in the context of hermeneutics)
• and contrasted with the external objectivating
third-person perspective of explanation (das
Erklären) in which human agency, subjectivity,
and its products are analyzed as effects of
impersonal natural forces in the natural
sciences and social structures in sociology.

66. METHOD
SCIENCE is the method of the natural sciences is
explanation.
HISTORY is understanding
(verstehen)explanation (erklären),

67. The 19th century
• The fundamental ideas, themes, and problems
of the social sciences
to the problem of order that was created in
men’s minds by the weakening of the old
order, or European society, under the twin
blows of the French Revolution and
the Industrial Revolution

68. Auguste
Comte French philosopher
known as the founder
of sociology and
of positivism. Comte
gave the science of
sociology its name and
established the new
subject in a systematic
fashion

69. Concluding Remarks
• The main problem with social sciences is the
discontinuity between the laws governing
society and the laws of the natural world

70. • social sciences, the natural world and the
social world are interlinked and mutually
related, but they remain essentially different.
• Their relationship is one of resources,
weather, climate, etc. but not of nature. The
nature of society, in social sciences, is
essentially different from the nature of the
world.

71. • And the main problem with the natural
sciences, is that they tend to reduce the laws
governing social organisation to lower order
of organisation, like biological explanations

72. REFLECTIVE ANALYSIS
THE SUBSTANTIVE
EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE

74. Social Science
Human ScienceHuman Science
Natural ScienceNatural Science

75. SOCIAL SCIENCE to the FIELD of its
OWN: the PROBLEM???
ANACHRONISM

76. WHY?

77. • Only in the 19th
century was philosophy
separated from 'science', and only in the early
years of the 20th
did 'social science' emerge as
a set of disciplinary practices which could
become the object of 'philosophy'.
• This is more than a quibble over terms, since
there never was a time when issues regarding
the nature and methods of acquiring
knowledge of the human condition were not
contested.

78. • Moreover, since the lines between a
philosophy of social science, a social
philosophy, and a social science are also
blurred, we consider these matters rather
broadly.
• Until lines were drawn, there were no
boundaries--and even today the boundaries
are fuzzy.
• The intellectual hegemony of Christianity in
the West defined the character of inquiry into
the human condition.

79. ,
Greater integration of the
social sciences, each with a
well-developed theoretical
system of its own, holds out
the hope that Comte’s dream
of a generalized science of
man and society may be
achieved in practice

80. SOCIAL SCIENCE, a PARADIGM

81. Comte’s dreamof a
generalized science of
man and society may
be achieved in practice

82. THANK YOU! And GOD BLESS!