it is a grammar book

1. Grammar Handbook
Zorro Sanchez

2. Table of Contents
Slide Numbers
3. Nationalities
4. Stem Changer
5. Para
6. IOP
7. Pronoun Placement
8. Gustar
9. Affirmative and Negative Words
10. Superlatives
11. Affirmative tú commands/ irregulars/
pronoun placement
12. Negative tú commands/ irregulars/ pronoun
placement
13. Sequencing events
14. Preterite
15. Trigger Words
16. Car, -Gar, Zar
17. Deber + Infinitivo
18. Modal Verbs
19. Present Progressives
20. Adverbs
21. Preterite
22. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
23. Ordinal Numbers
24. Prepositions
25. Future
26. Imperfect
27. Reflexives
28. Por vs. Para
29. Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns
30. Usted and Ustedes Commands
31. Present Subjective
32. Verbs of Will and Influence
33. Verbs of Emotion (Subjunctive)
34. Subjunctive Doubt vs. Certainty
35. Conjunctions
36. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
37. Tú Commands
38. Nosotros Commands
39. Past Participle Used as Adjectives
40. Present Perfect
41. Past Perfect
42. Future Tense
43. Conditional Tense
44. Past Subjunctive

3. Nationalities

4. Stem Changer
• Servir
• Decir
• Despedir
Pedir ( to ask
for)
E > i
• Querer
• Tener
• Preferir
Pensar ( to
think)
E > ie
• Almorzar
• Contar
• Costar
Dormir ( to
sleep)
O > ue
Pido
Piden
Pides
Pide
Piensa
Piensas
Pienso
Piensan
Pedimos
Pensáis
Pensamos
Pedís
DuermenDuerme
Duermes
Duermo
Dormís
Dormimos

5. Para
To indicate
destination
To show the
use or
purposes of a
thing
To mean “in
order to” or
“for the
purpose of”
To indicate a
recipient
To express a
deadline or
specific time
To express a
contrast
from what is
expected
“Estar para”
to epress an
action that
will soon be
completed

6. IOP
Singular
Le
(you
formal,
him, her)
Te
(you
familiar)
Me
(me)
Plural
Les
(you,
them)
Os
(you
familiar)
Nos
(us)
IOPs are
nouns that
tell to
whom/what
or for
whom/what

7. Pronoun Placement
• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• Attach the pronoun to progressive
tense
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command
• Place the pronoun before a
conjugated verb

8. Gustar
Gusta/
Gustan
Me (I) Te (You)
Le
(Him/
Her/It)
Nos
(We)
Os (You
all)
Les
(They/
Them)
• Negative phrase
• No ___ gusta
• Gusta singular
• me gusta la comida
• Gusta antes de un infinitive
• me gusta hablar
español
• Gustan
• me gustan las
enchiladas

9. Affirmative and Negative Words
Affirmative
Words
Algo
Alguien
Algún/
Alguno(a)
Siempre
También
Negative
Words
Nada
Nadie
Ningún/
Ninguno(a
)
Nunca
Tampoco
When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
you use an affirmative or negative word.
If a verb is proceeded by a no, word that follow must be a
negative and a double negative is required when no proceeds the
verb

10. Superlatives
Suffix
added to
adjective
and adverb
ísimo
ísimos
ísima
ísimas
Equivalent to extremely or very
Adjective and adverb ending in c, g, and z change spelling to qu, go,
and c respectively
Adjective that end in n or r form by adding císimo/a

11. Affirmative tú commands/ irregulars/
pronoun placement
Irregular
commands
Di
Haz
Ve
Pon
Sal
Sé
Ten
Ven
Put into the
tú form and
drop the s

12. Negative tú commands/ irregulars/
pronoun placement
T
•No tengas
V
•No vengas
D
•No des/ digas
I
•(Ir)No vayas
S
•No seas
H
•No hagas
E
•No estés
S
•No sepas

13. Sequencing events
Por la
tarde
Luego
Después
de

14. Preterite

15. Trigger Words
English
Spanish

16. Car, -Gar, Zar
• Car,
gar, and
zar
forms
only
have
the yo
form
changed

17. Deber + Infinitivo
Debo
Deben
Debéis
Debemos
Debe
Debes
Infinitive
Proper
Spanish
Grammar

18. Modal Verbs

19. Present Progressives
Ar= -ando
Er/ir = -iendo
When the verb stem
ends in a vowel = -yendo
•pasando
•moviendo
•leyendo

20. Adverbs
Adjective
•Feliz
•Cuidadoso
•Frecuente
Plus –mente
•Changes the masculine ending
to feminine if ending letter is
“o”
•Adds mente to end if first rule
doesn’t apply
Adverb
•Felizmente
•Cuidadosametne
•Frecuentemente

21. Preterite
English
Spanish
• Car,
gar, and
zar
forms
only
have
the yo
form
changed
Repetí
Repitieron
-
Repetimos
Repítío
Repitiste
Construí
Construyeron
-
Construimos
Construyo
Construiste
Spock Verbs
ir/ser- fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron
hacer-hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos. Hicieron
dar/ver- di/vi, diste/viste, dio/vio,
dimos/vimos, dieron/vieron

22. Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns
To make it a
demonstrative
pronoun, just add
an accent mark to
the last vowel. Use
a neuter pronoun
like esto, eso, and
aquello when the
gender of the noun
is unidentified.

23. Ordinal Numbers
• Notice that the words for 1st (primer,
primero, primera) and 3rd (tercer,
tercero, tercera) both drop the final
"O" if they come before a masculine
singular noun - for example:
• Es el primer libro que ha escrito
• Ellos están en el tercer coche
• When used before a feminine or
plural noun, either the "A" or "O"
endings are used.
• La fiesta es el primero de Agosto
• Vamos en los primeros días de
Agosto
• Es la sexta casa allí a la derecha
• El boleto es para segunda clase

24. Prepositions

25. Future

26. Imperfect
Ar Verbs
Hablaba
Hablabas
Hablaba
Hablábamos
Hablabais
hablaban
Er verbs
Tenía
Tenías
Tenía
Teníamos
Teníais
Tenían
Ir verbs
Salía
Salías
Salía
Salíamos
Salíais
Salían
Ser
Era
Eras
Era
Erámos
Erais
Eran
Ir
Íba
Íbas
Íba
Íbamos
Íbaís
Íban
Ver
Veía
Veías
Veía
Veíamos
Veíais
Veían

27. Reflexives
Me Nos
Te Os
Se Se
Used when the subject
receives the action
Reflexive verbs will
have se attached at the
end like acostarse
Located in front of the
conjugated verb, attached
to a gerund, attached to an
infinitive, or attached to an
affirmative command

28. Por vs. Para

29. Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns

30. Usted and Ustedes Commands

31. Present Subjective
Regulars
Irregulars

32. Verbs of Will and Influence
Verbs of
Will and
Influence
Aconsejar
•To advise
Importar
•To be
important
•To matter
Insistir (en)
•To insist on
Mandar
•To order
Prohibir
•To prohibit
Recomendar
(e->ie)
•To recommend
Rogar (o-
>ue)
•To beg, to
plead
Sugerir (e-
>ie)
•To suggest

33. Verbs of Emotion (Subjunctive)

34. Subjunctive Doubt vs. Certainty

35. Conjunctions

36. Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
• Adjectival clauses function as adjectives modifying a noun or pronoun,
which is known as the antecedent. These clauses are most frequently
introduced by the relative pronouns
que (which/that/who) quien/quienes (who), el que, la que, los que, los
que (which/that/who), or el/la cual, los/las cuales(which/that/who).
• If the noun or pronoun modified is negated, nonexistent, vague, or
indefinite, then the verb in the modifying clause will be in the
subjunctive.
• Example
– Have you found someone who can help us?
¿ Has encontrado a alguien que nos pueda ayudar? / ¿ Has encontrado a
alguien que pueda ayudarnos?

37. Tú Commands

38. Nosotros Commands

39. Past Participle Used as Adjectives
• Most past participles can be used as
adjectives. Like other adjectives, they
agree in gender and number with the
nouns that they modify.
– La puerta está cerrada.
The door is closed.
– Las puertas están cerradas.
The doors are closed.
– El restaurante está abierto.
The restaurant is open.
– Los restaurantes están abiertos.
The restaurants are open.

40. Present Perfect
• In Spanish, the present perfect tense is formed by using the present
tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle. Haber is
conjugated as follows:
– he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
• When you studied the past participle, you practiced using it as an
adjective. When used as an adjective, the past participle changes to
agree with the noun it modifies. However, when used in the perfect
tenses, the past participle never changes.
– Past participle used as an adjective:
La cuenta está pagada.
The bill is paid.
– Past participle used in the present perfect tense:
He pagado la cuenta.
I have paid the bill.

41. Past Perfect
• In Spanish, the past perfect tense is formed by using the
imperfect tense of the auxiliary verb "haber" with the
past participle. Haber is conjugated as follows:
– había
habías
había
habíamos
habíais
habían
• When you studied the past participle, you practiced
using it as an adjective. When used as an adjective, the
past participle changes to agree with the noun it
modifies. However, when used in the perfect tenses, the
past participle never changes.

42. Future Tense

43. Conditional Tense

44. Past Subjunctive
• The imperfect/past subjunctive follows all the same rules as the present
subjunctive for when to use it. The only difference is timing. Use
the imperfect subjunctive when theWEIRDO verb (independent clause) is
in the imperfect or the preterite or refers to a previous experience.
• To conjugate a verb in the imperfect subjunctive, you must first remember
the 3rd person plural of the preterit. Instead of using the infinitive for a
stem, the imperfect subjunctive uses the 3rd person plural of the preterit
(without the -ron).
infinitive
3rd
person
preterite
imperfect
subjunctiv
e stem
infinitive
3rd
person
preterite
imperfect
subjunctiv
e stem
caber cupieron cupie- pedir pidieron pidie-
dar dieron die- poder pudieron pudie-
decir dijeron dije- poner pusieron pusie-
dormir durmieron durmie- preferir
prefiriero
n
prefirie-
estar estuvieron estuvie querer quisieron quisie-
haber hubieron hubie- saber supieron supie-
hacer hicieron hicie- sentir sintieron sintie-
ir fueron fue- ser fueron fue-
leer leyeron leye- traducir tradujeron traduje-
tener tuvieron tuvie- traer trajeron traje-
yo -ra
tú -ras
usted, él, ella -ra
nosotros -ramos
vosotros -rais
ustedes, ellos,
ellas
-ran