2. Tetanus : Terms
O Lockjaw: another name/nickname for Tetanus
O Toxins: poison produced by an organism such
as bacteria.
O Clostridium tetani: the specific bacteria which
creates the toxin which causes Tetanus.
O Incubation period: the period of time between
infection of antibodies and the appearance of
symptoms.
O Antitoxin: an antibody which counteracts a toxin
O Bacillus: specific type of bacteria.
3. Cause and Transmission
O Caused by toxins produced in the bacteria
Clostridium Tetani.
O Enter the body through open cuts/wounds
O Clostridium Tetani grows in dust and
dirt, thriving in conditions with minimal air
flow.
Clostridium Tetani bacteria
Common
locations for
Clostridium
Tetani are
old nails and
rusty objects
4. Symptoms
O Symptoms can occur after 8-10days or several
weeks after infection. This period of time is called
the ‘incubation period’ Including:
O Initially: trouble operating the mouth swallowing
(Hence the nickname Lockjaw)
O Shortly after: all muscles in the body tighten and
spasm which may interfere with breathing.
O If untreated: victim may die from heat exhaustion or
suffer from suffocation from not being able to
breath sufficient oxygen.
5. Minor Symptoms
O Sore throat
O Irritability
O Restlessness
O Fever
O Exaggerated reflexes
O Profuse sweating
O Headaches
O Feeling depresses
O Chills
6. Treatment
O If tetanus develops antitoxin injections can be
administered which contains antibodies to kill the
original invading toxin.
O Muscle relaxants such as Diazepam to reduce
spasms
O In severe cases a tracheotomy can occur:
artifically opening the trachea to ensure the
patient can breath (as mouth doesn’t function correctly).
7. Prevention
O Immunization: injections of tetanus toxoid:
specifically treated toxins. Common Vaccine
name called DTaP (Diptheria, Tetanus and Pertussis
(Whooping cough)).
O Thoroughly cleaning and treating wounds also
reduces the risk of infection from bacteria.
10. Tetanus notifications, hospitalisations and
deaths, Australia 2002-2005 – by age category
• 0% Death rate in Australia
• Low rates of infection
• Highest rates for 60years and over
11. Parkinson’s Disease : Terms
O Dopamine: neurotransmitter Chemical that carries
messages from nerve cell to nerve cell. Essential for
smooth, coordinated body movements.
O Substantia Nigra: region of the brain which contains
neuronal cells to create Dopamine.
O Parkinsonism: the group of disorders which contain
similar symptoms. However as there is no set cause for
Parkinson’s Parkinsonism covers all stages of the
disease.
O Early Onset Parkinson’s: the name given to
people who suffer from Parkinson’s below the age of
approx. 50
12. Cause and Transmission
Substantia Nigra
O Neuronal cell degeneration.
These cells create
Dopamine.
O Dopamine is created in the
Substantia Nigra, a region of
the brain.
O Loss of Dopamine disrupts
communications pathways
among nerves which control
movement.
13. Symptoms
O Common Symptoms:
O Tremors
O Walks with a shuffle
O Slowness in movement
O Accompanying symptoms:
O Difficulty with certain movements
O Face growing rigid: masklike expression
O Trouble rising from a chair
O Physiological effects: depression and dementia
O Serious disability
O Postural instability
14. Treatment
Once the degeneration of neurons has begun,
Parkinson’s cannot be stopped or removed from the
body, only controlled and minimised.
O Replacing lost dopamine by a drug called Levodopa
which converts surviving nerve cells to dopamine
O Provides a dramatic improvement to symptoms
O Effectiveness of Levodopa reduces after time
O Troubling side effects: abnormal movement, changes in
muscle control, sleepless, vivid nightmares,
hallucinations, confusion.
15. Prevention
O No definite cause for Parkinson’s disease
O Cannot be prevented through
immunization or procedures due to
unknown causes
O Parkinson’s disease can only be treated
after the process of degeneration has
begun in the body, to control symptoms
and slow the progress of the disease.
17. Incidence Statistics
O Age related illness, which generally effects
people between 50-70 years old
O Early Onset Parkinson’s – people below 40-50
O Across Australian studies there is a general
trend for makes to suffer Parkinson’s rather
than females
O It is estimated to effect between 38300-64000
people in Australia – exact numbers are
unavailable due to symptoms sometimes
being ‘invisible’ to diagnostic testing.
19. Resources Used
O Tetanus:
O World Book Online - Tetanus
O Geographical Distribution of Tetanus in the
O
O
O
O
O
World, 1951-60, by B. Bytchenko
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care
and Pain - Tetanus
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
Wikipedia
New Scientist
www. health.gov.au
O Parkinson’s Disease:
O www.parkinsons.org.au
O World Book Online
O Australia's Health 2012, Australian Institute of Health
and Welfare (Australian Government)