Emperor Claudius I and the Etruscans by Keith Armstrong

Claudius I and the Etruscans

by

Keith Armstrong

2014
London

Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Miss Cecile Mairat, Miss Rachel O'Dowd, Jack Kilmon and Miss
Eva Skoulariki for transcribing from the original text. I would also like to thank the
many people who have helped me to live and given me the energy and
encouragement to complete this article. This includes the people of Camden and my
late mother Mrs. Nina Armstrong. I am particularly grateful to the kind members of
staff at all levels within the British Library in London.
----------I must point out that any factual errors or sentiment unwittingly suggested
are my responsibility alone. The punctuation and typeface of the authors
quoted have at times been modified.
All rights are reserved. The author's moral rights are asserted. No part of this
paper may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without written permission from the author.

© Copyright 2014 Keith Armstrong, London.

Claudius I and the Etruscans
Claudius had a number of very strong connections with the Etruscans. His
contribution to Etruscan knowledge is almost always mentioned in the few books
published on this mysterious ancient European civilisation.
The Etruscans dominated central Italy before the Roman Republic was created and
remained a considerable influence there for a long time afterwards. Despite this, the origin
of the Etruscans remains unclear even today. Etruscan language is not of Indo-European
origin. Over the years linguists have made numerous claims to its origin including
Albanian, Anatolian, Aramaic, Armenian, Aztec, Basque, Finnish and Hungarian. The
Niger-Congo and even Easter Island have also been championed as its source. 1 In my
opinion, the discipline of linguistics is unable to resolve the issue on its own. While many
early archaeological significant sites were badly damaged, much has been revealed to us
within the past twenty years due in part to the increasing expertise of modern
archaeologists and linguists. Remains of the Etruscans have been found as far afield as
Cyprus, Crete and the Greek island of Lemnos. Isolated examples of Etruscan texts have
also been discovered in Provence and Tunisia.2 An Etruscan text was discovered in 1891 on
the restored linen wrappings from a female Egyptian mummy, which is now held in the
Zagreb Archaeological Museum in Croatia.3
Etruscan cities prospered in central Italy between the tenth and the first centuries BCE.
They influenced the course of history for both their Greek and Roman neighbours. The
Etruscan civilisation flourished on the west coast of central and northern Italy, with two of
Italy's rivers - the Arno and the Tiber - as its boundaries. The Tyrrhenian Sea to the west
was named after them by the Greeks, who knew them as Tyrrhenians. The name of the
modern region of Tuscany was derived from Tursci or Tusci, the Roman name for these
ancient people.4
Recent finds substantiate the theory that the Etruscan people existed from before the Iron
Age in Italy to the end of the Roman Republic-in chronological terms, from c.1200 to c.100
BCE. Many sites of the principal Etruscan cities of historical times were constantly
occupied from the Iron Age.5
Werner Keller, in his text The Etruscans, states that Etruscan antiquities are found
throughout Italy, from the once famous town of Spina on the Adriatic to the old Tuscan
countryside between the Arno and the Tiber, down to once Etruscan Pompei in Campania.
Etruscan trade and business used standardised weights and a currency of gold and copper
bars. They also had a decimal system of numeration. 6

In approximately 672 - 640 BCE, Albani (a local monarch) gave a speech recorded by Livy.
Albani is reported as having said:
[...] the magnitude of the Etruscan power which encompasses us, and you

especially, you are better aware than we, in proportion as you are nearer to
that people. Great is their strength on land, exceedingly great on the sea. You
must consider that the instant you give the signal for battle, the Tuscans will
be watching our two armies, so that, when we have become tired and
exhausted, they may attack at once the victor and the vanquished. In
Heaven's name, therefore, since we are not content with unquestioned
liberty, but are proceeding to the doubtful hazard of dominion or
enslavement, let us adopt some plan by which we may decide the question
which nation shall rule the other, without a great disaster and much carnage
on both sides.7
Albert Grenier writing on the Etruscan influence on Latin considers that:
The Etruscan pronunciation confused the voiced G and the mute C; therefore
it was in Etruria that the Greek y was used for the sound intermediate
between G and C which existed in the Etruscan language. The Romans, on
the contrary, never confused voiced consonants with mute ones. The proof of
it is that they introduced into the alphabet the new sign G to indicate the
voiced guttural. If the confusion, which did not exist in pronunciation,
remained for a time in writing, it was because the writing was of Etruscan
origin.8

Grenier states that the Etruscan alphabet used the sign C. If Rome had taken her alphabet
directly from the Greeks, the third letter C would always have kept the value G, and K
would have been used for the mute guttural. Therefore the Romans must have been taught
to write by the Etruscans, in the 6th century BCE, at the latest, since the alphabet
maintained by the Romans had disappeared from Etruscan use by the beginning of the 5th
century BCE.9
Helmut Rix states in the Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the World’s Ancient
Languages that:
The Etruscan writing system is an alphabet, which was created at the end of the
eighth century [BCE] in several local variants, from an alphabet of West Greek
origin; it was taught in scribal schools and is attested in inscriptions. [...] Of the
early archaic texts some are written from left to right and some from right to
left. Around 600 [BCE] the direction from right to left became standard and
was only reversed occasionally in the first century under Latin influence.10
Giuliano Bonfante, in The Etruscan Language: an Introduction, considers that
women's studies has become especially relevant in understanding Etruscan civilisation.
The three thousand or so bronze mirrors, many engraved with figured representations and
often inscribed, were an Etruscan speciality, produced in workshops between c. 500 and
200 BCE. They indicate the literacy and culture of the women for whom they were made,
who used them in their lifetime and took them to their graves after their death; women
whose names showed them to have had a different legal and social status from the women
of Rome.

Etruscan women played an important role in writing, they used the metaphor of weaving
for the development of writing. There is also some evidence in favour of the earliest
inscriptions coming from women's graves, and many inscriptions are found on implements
for wool-working, spools, or loomweights.11 Rix holds that unlike the Indo-European
languages with whom it was in contact, Etruscan had no grammatical gender. The female
sex was indicated by a suffix, borrowed from Italic, and was used under Italic influence
with family names that were in origin adjectives: for example, Tarna-i.12
Some Etruscan numeral characters have the same shape as the Roman ones derived from
them: for example I = "1" and X = "10". The Etruscan symbol for the number "5" is ٨
representing the outline of a hand with five digits b (4 fingers and a thumb). It was
reversed to make the Roman V. The numeral X is at one and the same time a symbol for
the outstretched fingers of two hands and a letter for the initial sound of Etruscan sar.13
As the Romans expanded, the fatalistic Etruscans declined, however certain Etruscan
traditions were preserved by the Romans. Spurinna (a well-known Etruscan name)
became famous for having warned Julius Caesar about the danger of the Ides of March,
(traditionally celebrated on the 15th of March), on the basis of a 'reading' of the liver and
other entrails of a sacrificed animal.14
This drawing represents the circular end of the theatre of Marcellus now exists in partial
ruins in Rome. There was originally a third storey of the Corinthian order which has
entirely disappeared through time.
Etruscan haruspex inspecting the
entrails of an animal for the purpose of
predicting events from their appearances,
known as Extispictium.15

The haruspex or harus'pica (female) - plural haruspices, literally meaning
"gut-gazer", was a person who carried out haruspicy, a form of divination. The
Haruspices were originally Etruscan diviners, believed to be interpreters of the wills of the
gods. They came to rival and overlap with the role of augurs, although they had no
religious authority in Rome and were probably not organised into a college until the
Roman empire. This college (ordo hamspicium) consisted of sixty haruspices and was
headed by the chief haruspex (known as a summus, primarius or maximus haruspex).

Haruspices interpreted three main events: the entrails from sacrificed animals (exta, a
process known as extispicium), unnatural phenomena (monstra—portents and prodigies,
from monere, "to warn") and flashes of lightning (fulgura), all of which were regarded as
indications of the wills of the gods (prodigies and lightning being warnings). Entrails were
interpreted by the colour, markings and shape of the liver and gallbladder, and there is
some evidence that models of livers were used in the training of haruspices.
Haruspices had many other key rites such as town planning, water divination (in which
they were reported to be very successful) and their annual ritual of fixing a sacred nail in a
temple wall as a symbol of time.
Perhaps one of the most memorable lines in William Shakespeare's play 'Julius Caesar'
(1599) is the simple statement:
Caesar: Who is it in the press that calls on me?
I hear a tongue, shriller than all the music,
Cry ‘Caesar’. Speak; Caesar is turned to hear.
soothsayer: Beware the ides of March. [Act 1, sc. 2, l. 15.]
Shakespeare also uses the word 'soothsayer' in his play Antony and Cleopatra. His
source for both plays was from translations of the work of Plutarch who only wrote his
historical text in the Greek language. Neither Plutarch or Shakespeare actually give the
name of the soothsayer or any information as to his origin.
However, the probable source could still be traced to Suetonius who wrote on Julius Caesar
at this time in his Svetoni Tranqvilii Vita Divi Ivli that:
[...] et immolantem haruspex Spurinna monuit, caueret periculum,
quod non ultra Martias Idus proferretur.16
J. C. Rolfe translates this text as:
[...] the soothsayer Spurinna warned him to beware of danger,
which would come not later than the Ides of March: 17
A simple reading of this translation does not reveal that Spurinna was an Etruscan, but as
far as we know the role of haruspex was exclusive to the Etruscans. Spurinna was
personally employed by Julius Caesar, who took no notice of this caution and was duly
assassinated on the 15th of March. Spurinna is also mentioned by Pliny the Elder, while
Plutarch and Dio frequently refer to the warning, although without mention of Spurinna's
name.

An inscribed bronze tablet was discovered in 1524 in Lyons. Its Latin text is a segment of a
speech made by the emperor Claudius to a convened Roman senate in 48 CE. Werner
Keller writes that:
"Servius Tullius," begins Claudius, "was, if we follow our Roman sources, the
son of Ocrisia, a prisoner of war." But then the emperor goes on: "If we follow
Etruscan sources, he was a loyal friend of Caelius Vibenna and his
companion in all his ventures." Claudius then gives the Etruscan version,
according to which Servius Tullius came from Etruria with the remains of
Caelius's army, and occupied a hill in Rome henceforth named accordingly
the Caelian. He then changed his name-it was Mastarna in Etruscan-to
Servius Tullius and became king of Rome, "to its great advantage." 18
Keller continues:
This statement, coming from an emperor, created something of a sensation.
There could be no doubt about the expert authority of the speaker. For
Claudius was a historian who knew his subject inside out. Long before he
became emperor, [...] he had devoted himself with passionate enthusiasm to
learning. He was above all interested in a subject which Roman authors had
always studiously neglected, even though it was closely connected with
Rome's own history, namely the past of the Etruscans. 19
Keller suggests that:
The deeds of the great, ancient people had begun to fade from memory,
when unexpectedly the ranks of its enemy and conqueror produced a man
who put together everything important that could still be discovered about
the Etruscans' past. [...] The story of how he came to do this begins in the
lifetime of Augustus. One of the ladies often seen at the imperial court was
Urgulania. She was, as is clearly proved by the recent discovery of her name
in an inscription at Tarquinia, a member of an Etruscan noble family. She
was a close friend of Livia, the emperor's wife, and as such enjoyed so
privileged a position that, as Tacitus puts it, she was placed "above the law."
20

Arcuatus currus
A two-wheeled carriage with an arched awning over head.
This example is from a painting in an Etruscan tomb. 21
When Claudius was a young boy, Emperor Augustus proposed that the grandson of Livia's
friend Urgulania, Plautius Silvanus should escort him to functions to see that he did not
get into trouble or do anything inapproptiate. Silvanus's sister Plautia Urgulanilla later
became Claudius's first wife. This marriage closely connected Claudius with some of the
last members of the Etruscan aristocracy.22
Bonfante states that:
The scholarly emperor Claudius studied with Livy, whose early books
preserve information on the Etruscans. Claudius wrote in Greek a history
of the Etruscans, Tyrrhenika, in twenty volumes: they would have been
a precious resource for us, and in fact his reference to Mastarna and to
Etruscans who became Roman citizens is preserved in one of his speeches. 23
Keller adds that:
Claudius, [...] insist[ed] that the "oldest Italian art" should not die out. In a
speech to the senate in 47 [CE], of which fragments have survived, he
proposed the establishment of a college of Etruscan soothsayers
(haruspices). He recalled that "Leading Etruscans, on their own initiative—
or the Roman senate's —have kept up the art and handed it down from father
to son."
But what still existed in imperial times was subsequently lost. Not a single
document has survived, either in the original Etruscan or in Latin
translation.
It is hard to believe that this was the result of pure chance. It seems highly
likely that what was considered a dangerous inheritance from "pagan" times
was the victim of deliberate, systematic destruction. With the emergence of
Christianity there began a ruthless war on all the ancient religions and cults.
24

The later Christian emperor, Theodosius I [The Great] (347-395 CE), issued a decree in
392 CE that imposed heavy penalties on any kind of haruspicy. Anyone who sacrificed an
animal and consulted the entrails for the intention of divination incurred the same
punishment as for high treason and might well be burned alive. 25 The renowned library of
Alexandria was deliberately burned down, resulting in a tremendous loss of knowledge for
all humanity. It is not known if Claudius' texts perished at this time, conceivably they were
destroyed during the earlier reign of Nero.
After the death of Theodosius in 395 CE, the control of the Roman empire was shared
between his two sons (it was never to reunite again). The western empire was given over to
Honorius (384 - 423 CE). Shortly afterwards, the famed and most significant Etruscan
sacred text Etrusca Disciplina, was publicly burned in Rome. In 405, Pope
Innocentius (Innocent) I proclaimed a list of prohibited books. 26
Emperor Honorius was one of the most incompetent leaders the Romans ever had. In 409
CE or 410 CE, he lost the Roman governance of Britain, which had been for three hundred
and sixty-seven continuous years under Roman rule, ever since Claudius's invasion.
Roman occupation had finally ended. 27
That same year the Visigoths army edged on to the city of Rome itself. The Etruscan
haruspex volunteered their help to Innocent I, claiming that they could bring down
lightning on the enemy and thus save the city. The soothsayers insisted that their ritual be
held in public, and that the ancient pre-Christian sacrifices should be carried out in the
capitol, but the senate was not prepared to allow this.
Count Zosimus, the eminent sixth century historian wrote:
[...] the Romans, [...] despairing therefore of all things that conduce to
human strength, called to mind the aid which the city had formerly met with
in emergencies; and that they, by transgressing their ancient institutions,
were now left destitute of it. While they were occupied in these reflections,
Pompeianus, the prefect of the city, accidentally met with some persons who
were come to Rome from Tuscany, and related that a town called Neveia had
delivered itself from extreme danger, the Barbarian having been repulsed
from it by storms of thunder and lightning, which was caused by the devotion
of its inhabitants to the gods, in the ancient mode of worship. Having
discoursed with these men, he performed all that was in his power according
to the books of the chief priests. Recollecting, however, the opinions that
were then prevalent, he resolved to proceed with greater caution, and
proposed the whole affair to the bishop of the city, whose name was
Innocentius. Preferring the preservation of the city to his own private
opinion, he gave them permission to do privately whatever they knew to be
convenient. They declared however that what they were able to do would be
of no utility, unless the public and customary sacrifices were performed, and
unless the senate ascended to the capitol, performing there, and in the
different markets of the city, all that was essential. But no person daring to
join in the ancient religions ordinances, they dismissed the men who were
come from Tuscany, and applied themselves to the endeavouring to appease
the Barbarians in the best possible manner. 28

The fact that the proposal was made and discussed with Innocentius I shows how earnestly
the Etruscan doctrine was still taken in the beginning of the fifth century. The city of Rome
fell and was sacked on the 24th of August, 410 CE and the once famous Etruscan talent of
divination vanished from history. Honorius fled to his new capital of Ravenna. The Roman
empire never fully recovered from the incident.
As mentioned earlier, Claudius' historical texts may have perished in the time of Nero.
However, Albert Grenier suggests that Claudius may very well be the source of the
statements about the Etruscans used by Roman writers such as Tacitus and the minor
historian Festus. 29
Not a single written chapter of their ancient Etruscan history was preserved in Italy, along
with Claudius's unique historical text. If a single copy or even a reasonable fragment of
Claudius's history of the Etruscan people is ever found, it will help resolve many tantalising
questions that still puzzle archaeologists, historians and linguists in the 21st century. 30
Keller concludes that:
No other European people has been as neglected as the Etruscans, and the
legacy of no other group has been so systematically destroyed. It is as though
posterity had conspired to erase every trace of a nation whose pioneer
activity constituted the first major chapter in the history of the West. 31

End Notes
Note 1: Ellis, Robert, (1870), The Asiatic affinities of the old Italians, (London : Trbner).
Campbell-Dunn, G. J. K, (2004), Comparative grammar Etruscan and Niger-Congo,
(Christchurch : Penny Farthing Press).
Szalek, Benon Zbigniew, (2003), The Etruscan problem in the light of heuristics: a
research report, (Szczecin : B. Z. Szalek).
Toth, Siegmund, (1976), Divine antiquities, Vol. 1, Decipherment of the Etruscan language.
([S.l.] : [s.n.]).
Woudhuizen, Fred, (1992), The Language of the Sea People, (Amsterdam: Najade Press).
Note 2: Woodard, Roger D., (Ed.), (2004: 943), The Cambridge encyclopaedia of the
world's ancient languages, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Note 3: Bonfante, Giuliano and Bonfante, Larissa, (2002: Xlll), The Etruscan Language:
an introduction, (2nd Ed.), (Manchester : Manchester University Press).
Note 5: Bonfante, Giuliano and Bonfante, Larissa, (2002: 30), The Etruscan Language:
Note 6: Keller, Werner, (1975: xii, xiii), The Etruscans, [Trans. from the German by
Alexander and Elizabeth Henderson]. (London: Book Club Associates).
Note 7: Livy, T., (1919, 2002: 80 - 81), The History of Rome: Books 1-2, [Trans. from the
Latin by B. O. Foster], (Cambridge, Massachusetts: London: Loeb Classical Library).
Note 8: Grenier, Albert, (1926, 1970: 32), The Roman Spirit in Religion, Thought, and
Art, (New York: Cooper Square).
Note 10: article: Rix, Helmut, (2004: 946), "Etruscan" in The Cambridge encyclopaedia
of the world's ancient languages, Woodard, Roger D., (Ed.), (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press).
Note 11: Bonfante, Giuliano and Bonfante, Larissa, (2002: xv), The Etruscan Language:
an introduction, (2nd The Etruscan Language: an introduction, (2nd Ed.), (Manchester :
Manchester University Press).
University Press).
This is similar to modern Hungarian.

University Press).
Note 15: Suetonius Tranquillus, Caius, (1908: 41), C. Suetoni Tranquilli Opera ...
Recensuit Maximilianus Ihm, Vol. 1 Libri VIII, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et
Romanorum Teubneriana, Lipsiae.
The term 'soothsayer' comes from both 'sooth' + 'sayer'. The word 'sooth' comes from the
ProtoGermanic, there are cognates throughout northern Europe. Historically the word
'sooth' means for truth, to please with gentle words or to flatter.
Barnhart, Robert K., (Ed.), (1988: 1034), Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, (Edinburgh:
Chambers).
Walter Skeat gives an Anglo-Saxon reference in the Old English of Ælfric's Homilies:
"söðsegen" signifying a true saying.
Skeat, Walter W., (Ed.), (1910: 581), An Etymological Dictionary of the English
Language, (4th Ed.), (Oxford: Clarendon Press).
Plutarch, (1958, 1972: 9, 10, 303), Fall of the Roman Republic: Six Lives by Plutarch,
[Trans. from the Greek by Rex Warner], (London: Penguin Books).
Adkins, Lesley and Adkins, Roy A., (Eds.), (1996, 2000: 97), Dictionary of Roman
Religion, (New York: Oxford University Press).
Keller, Werner, (1975), The Etruscans, [Trans. from the German by Alexander and
Elizabeth Henderson]. (London: Book Club Associates).
Rich, Anthony, (Ed.), (1873: 271, 329), Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities, (3rd
Ed.), (London: Longmans, Green, & Co.).
Note 16: Suetonius, Tranquillus, Caius, (1908: 41), C. Suetoni Tranquilli Opera ...
Recensuit Maximilianus Ihm, Vol. 1. Libri LXXXI, (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et
Romanorum Teubneriana), (Lipsiae: B. G. Teubner).
Note 17: Suetonius, Tranquillus, Caius, (1913, 1951, 1998: 136, 137), The Lives of the
Caesars LXXXI: Vol. I, Loeb Classical Library No. 31, [Trans. from the Latin by J.C. Rolfe],
(Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press).
Note 18: Keller, Werner, (1975: 390), The Etruscans, [Trans. from the German by
Alexander and Elizabeth Henderson], (London: Book Club Associates) .
Note 20: Keller, Werner, (1975: 137 - 138), The Etruscans, [Trans. from the German by

Note 21: Rich, Anthony, (Ed.), (1873: 51), Dictionary of Roman and Greek Antiquities,
(3rd Ed.), (London: Longmans, Green, & Co.).
Alexander and Elizabeth Henderson], (London: Book Club Associates).
Note 26: Pascoe, L.C., and Phythian, Brian (Eds.), (1991: 72), Encyclopaedia of Dates
and Events, (Sevenoaks, Kent: Headway).
Note 27: Zosimus, (1814: 177), The History of Count Zosimus: sometimes advocate and
chancellor of the Roman Empire, Book VI, [Trans. from the Greek], (London: W. Green
and T. Chaplin).
Note 28: Zosimus, (1814: 165, 166), The History of Count Zosimus: sometimes advocate
and chancellor of the Roman Empire, Book V, [Trans. from the Greek], (London: W.
Green and T. Chaplin).
Note 31: Keller, Werner, (1975: xiii), The Etruscans, [Trans. from the German by

Etruscan Epigraphic Font created by Jack Kilmon.

Other Media by Keith Armstrong

Classical history
Emperor Claudius I the man: his physical impairment and reactions to it by
Keith Armstrong
"Challenges the suggestion that both Emperor Claudius I and Franklin Delano Roosevelt had
Polio. Both world leaders had major physical impairments before they came to public office."

http://www.academia.edu/4779256/Emperor_Claudius_I_the_man_his_physical_i
mpairmen t_and_reactions_to_it_by_Keith_Armstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/claudius-the-man-his-physicalimpairment-and- reactions-to-it
India and Sri Lanka in the time of the Roman Julio-Claudians by Keith
Armstrong
http://www.academia.edu/3995659/India_and_Sri_Lanka_in_the_time_of_the_Roma
n_Juli o-Claudians_by_Keith_Armstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/claudius-the-man-his-physicalimpairment-and- reactions-to-it
A few words about the word the 'claudius': An etymological journey; five short
essays on the word 'claudius' by Keith Armstrong
http://www.academia.edu/3631405/A_few_words_about_the_word_the_claudius_
An_etym ological_journey_Five_short_essays_on_the_word_claudius_Keith_Armstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/a-few-words-about-the-wordclaudius-keith- armstrong

Etymology
The Old English Origin of the Word Cripple Revised by Keith Armstrong
Linguistics, Etymology, Anglo-Saxon, Bible Studies, Disability Studies, Latin, Lindisfarne
Gospels, Old English

http://www.academia.edu/3631339/The_Old_English_Origin_of_the_Word_Crippl
e_Revis ed_-_Keith_Armstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/the-old-english-origin-of-the-word-cripplerevised- ke
A history of the word handicap extended by Keith Armstrong
Linguistics, Etymology, Disability Studies, history, US & UK English, biology, Oxford English
Dictionary, eugenics, euthanasia, 1915, The Atlantic Monthly,history of sport

http://www.academia.edu/4444987/A_history_of_the_word_handicap_extended_Ke
ith_Ar mstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/a-history-of-the-word-handicap-extended-bykeith- armstrong
http://www.academia.edu/3987594/A_history_of_the_word_Handicap_Revised_and
_expan ded_by_Keith_Armstrong
A few words about the word the claudius An etymological journey five short
essays on the word claudius by Keith Armstrong
Claudius or Claudia as a personal or first name, The word 'claudius' and it many
meanings in Latin, The word 'claudius' as used in Old and Medieval English,
The word 'claudius' in the Cymraeg-Welsh language, The word claudius as used in
Anatomical Biological and Medical terms
http://www.academia.edu/3631405/A_few_words_about_the_word_the_claudius_An
_etym ological_journey_Five_short_essays_on_the_word_claudius_Keith_Armstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/a-few-words-about-the-word-claudiuskeith- armstrong

These days Crétins study at the University of London
https://www.academia.edu/4947260/These_days_Cretins_study_at_the_University_of_
London_by_Keith_Armstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/n-these-days-crtins-study-at-the-university-oflondon-by-keith-armstrong

Transport
A Review of the Alder Valley North Careline Accessible Bus Service 1986 by Keith
Armstrong
https://www.academia.edu/4331215/A_Review_of_the_Alder_Valley_North_Careline_A
ccessible_Bus_Service_1986_by_Keith_Armstrong
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/a-review-of-the-alder-valley-north-carelineaccessible-bus-service-1986-by-keith-armstrong
Travelling behind Bars - rail travel in 1980's.
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/travelling-behind-bars-by-keith-armstrong

Transport (video)
Travelling behind Bars - rail travel in 1980's.
http://youtu.be/b_ys8-5wWyM https://vimeo.com/77252859
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/travelling-behind-bars-by-keith-armstrong
Early 19th Century bicycles
http://youtu.be/TKYhVLbJ6vg
https://vimeo.com/76308242
Bicycles and manual wheelchairs - a short history
http://youtu.be/NpFaAAo3UPE https://vimeo.com/76080069
Transport & Disability Issues (Audio)
Transport & building design USA

http://youtu.be/TcMFvbk0IoMn

Voices on accessible public transport part one (Audio)
Transport issues USA
http://youtu.be/hB4IDSzB-oM
Voices on accessible public transport part two (Audio)
Transport issues USA
http://youtu.be/9IAmGR1CQXk
Transport and People with impairments (mainly still images)
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ruhuman/sets/72157637367331083/
Transport and design

(mainly still images)


The Arts
Visual arts and photography (mainly still images)
a short intermission

(abstract video)

Typewriter Art slideshow

(art video)

TypeWRITER ArT IV

(art video)

typewriter art V(ii)

(art video)

Shapes

(minimal art video)

Literature

The Complete Contents of The Informer (International Poetry Magazine)
1966 - 1971
https://www.academia.edu/5101363/The_Complete_Contents_of_The_Informer_Intern
ational_Poetry_Magazine_1966_-_1971
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/the-informer-complete-contents-1966-197128255473
The Informer (International Poetry Magazine) No: 2: 1967
Edited by Keith Armstrong and David Gill
Content Details
Page 2- Brenda by Edmund Tustian, Autumn by Alan Wheatcroft, The Quiet Life by Phoebe
Timpson.
Page 3- Little Me by Caro H., Silent Protest by Caro H., The Snow by ?, My Love by Carm. Mac,
To Mice and Women by Carm. Mac, I'm Living By Myself by Alistair Wisker.
Page 4- Seek...And Ye Shall Find by Nike Sebastian Duke, The Lift by Micheal Bullock, Paul
by Carm. Mac, Spring by Keith Armstrong, Thoughts of Boarding School by Kaye Tea, Joy by
Phoebe Timpson.
Page 5- Reviews poetry books "Christ" Gavin Bantock, "Men without Evenings" David Gill, and
Magazines received.
Page 6- The Pen by Zel Toevsky, Bells by Micheal Bullock,
Page 7- Book reviews by Victor Delainey (James MacDonald), My Turn by John O'Hara,
Valley of the Dolls by Jacqueline Susann, The Adventurers by Harold Robbins.
Page 8- Memories After Leaving by Angelano, Poem by Micheal Newman, I paint by Paul
Metler.
Page 9- Obsevarions by Micheal Newman, I Am Sure by Alistair Wisker, What's The Use by
Roger Wild.
Page 10-Colour Schemes by Micheal Newman, Stars by Michael Bullock, I Shout For Peace by
Keith Armstrong.
Page 11-A March for World Peace
Page 12- Reader correspondence by Y.R Noland.
Page 13- The Wallet, a short story by Dirain,
Page 14- The Wallet, a short story by Dirain (cont/), Viola Luizzo by Edmund Tustian.

http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/informer-no-2

The Informer International Poetry Magazine No 8: 1968
Edited by Keith Armstrong and David Gill
Content Details
P5-6 Break Ice For The Wild Swan, article by Hugh McKinley
P7-11 Poems by Ondra Lysohorsky (translated by Hugh McKinley)
The Sun, On Lysohorsa, Town On The Black Sea, In The Quarry, The House, The Tree, The
Tuner
P11 A Slav Poet, article by Boris Pasternak
P12-18 Poems by Ondra Lysohorsky (translated by Lydia Pasternak Slater)
Vegetable Market In Ostrava, Ponds of Hrusov, Venetian Bridges, Beethoven In The
Desert, Summer, Room In Tashkent, DragonFly In Autumn, By The Open Window, In The
Ukraine (For Alexander Dowzhenko), Mahatma Gandhi, Poetry (For Charles Baudelaire)
Holderlin
P19-25 Poems by Ondra Lysohorsky (translated by Ewald Osers)
Universe And History, Rhymes?, Early Spring, Dawn, John Huss, Swallow In Poitiers,
Ballad Of Jan Pallach, Student And Heretic
P26-27 Review by David Gill (The White Hind by David Morrison)
P27- Night Has Fallen by Georg Coombs, OMNES by John Fleming, Plea by Wanda
Allen Moore, Answer To An Invitation by Lydia Pasternak Slater
P28- Message To An Unborn Infant by Martin Booth
P29-33 Review by R.G (Junior poems, Stroud Festival 1968, Review Eastern Lovesong
And Other Poems by Violet Bowen, Review Living Poetry by Claire May Overy, Review
World Aflame by Billy Graham
P35- Evergreen, Message and Sierre Madre by Iain Sinclair, Fruit Salad by Lydia
Pasternak Slater
http://www.slideshare.net/yourkamden/informer-international-poetry-magazine-no-8-1968

dreams (poems) by keith armstrong
published by Circle Books (Oxford) 1968.
Out of print

Music & other audio
"An Amazing Grace" by Keith Armstrong 45 rpm
(Old Knew Wave Records) 1979
not available
Soundcloud : ruhuman
http://soundcloud.com/user8580052

Emperor Claudius I and the Etruscans by Keith Armstrong

Emperor Claudius I and the Etruscans by Keith Armstrong

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Ähnlich wie Emperor Claudius I and the Etruscans by Keith Armstrong

Ähnlich wie Emperor Claudius I and the Etruscans by Keith Armstrong (17)

Mehr von Keith Armstrong

Mehr von Keith Armstrong (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Emperor Claudius I and the Etruscans by Keith Armstrong