Clinical trials for diabetes medications aim to demonstrate efficacy and safety. The primary efficacy endpoint is typically a reduction in HbA1c (average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months), with a duration of at least 3 months. Safety monitoring focuses on hypoglycemia and other adverse events. Eligible patients generally have HbA1c between 6.5-11% and trial duration and control groups depend on the drug and intended patient population. Successful trials show comparable or superior efficacy to existing medications without increasing safety risks.