1. Emerging Concerns in Promoting
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Public Ethics and Responsibility
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

2. Values Administration Theory
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Introduction
 Ethics is define as ‘the discipline dealing with
what is good and bad, or right and wrong, or with
moral duty and obligation, a group of moral
principles or set of values and the principles of
conduct governing an individual or a profession.’
Also, ethics is ‘character or the ideals of character
manifested by a race or people (from the Greek
ethos).’
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

3. Analyzing priority Factors:
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 Integrity – consistency of actions, values,
methods, measures, principles, expectations and
outcome
Integrity in ethics
 Ethical meanings of integrity used in medicine and
law refer to the wholeness of the human body with
respect for “sacred” qualities such as a sense of unity,
consistency, purity, unspoiledness and
uncorruptedness.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

4. “Ethics are as important for the public
servant as blood for the body”
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(Van der Waldt & Helmbold, 1995:170)
The public sector, like individuals, is constantly changing
through new leadership, environmental influences and
socio-political development. Government and society
cannot promote and enforce ethical behaviour solely
through the utilization of ethical codes of conduct or
through the promulgation of a plethora of legislation.
Social mindsets are often still entangled in a micro-ethic
paradigm. People tend to equate moral values and moral
norms with values and norms, which apply only to
personal relations structures within which they interact.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

5. According to Denhardt (in Hondeghem,
1998:29):
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“Ethics are not a set of rules or values waiting
to be discovered, that provides all the
answers. In the complex world of public
administration, norms and values rarely
provide clear-cut answers to difficult
problems. Ethics should be thought of as
helping to frame relevant questions about
what government ought to be doing and how
public administration ought to go about
achieving those purposes” (Denhardt, in
Hondeghem, 1998:29).
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

6. Norms defined:
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"Norms are standards of behaviour within
the organization which serve as a guide to all
its members" (Barton & Chappel, 1985:333).
For example, one of the earliest norms in public
administration was that of neutrality, meaning that
public officials should be a political policy
implementation functionaries rather than policy-
makers. Within the context of public administration,
the emphasis on norms is associated with the
recommendation of certain values that are viewed as
desirable by their promoters (Ferreira, 1996:143).
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

7. Heyns (1986:02), writes that values are basic
perceptions of the relative importance of our
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elements of existence. These perceptions always
have to do with priorities, whereas norms are the
function which direct and evaluate human
attitudes and actions.
The common denominator of nearly all people
problems is to be found in the area of values. It is
widely recognized that values often differ
widely from person to person and from
culture to culture. The influence of values on
people's thinking, acting and behaviour is
underestimated.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

8.  According to McMurry (1977:315), the influence of
values on the individual is powerful because:
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(i) They principally determine what he/she regards as right,
good, worthy, beautiful and ethical.
(ii) They provide the standards and norms by which he/she
guides his/her day-today behaviour.
(iii) They chiefly determine his/her attitudes toward the
causes and issues such as political, economic, social and
industrial with which he/she comes into contact daily.
(iv) They determine which ideas, principles and concepts he
can accept, assimilate, remember and transmit without
distortion (McMurry, 1977:315).
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

9. The Nolan Committee’s seven Principles of
Public Life (Chapman, 2000:230-231).
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1. Selflessness: Public officials should take
decisions solely in terms of the public interest.
They should not do so in order to gain financial or
other material benefits for themselves, their family
or their friends
2. Integrity: Holders of public office should not
place themselves under any financial or other
obligation to outside individuals or organisations
that might influence them in the performance of
their official duties.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

10. 3. Objectivity: In carrying out public
business, including10 making public
appointments, awarding contracts or
recommending individuals for rewards and
benefits, holders of public office should
make their choices on merit.
4. Accountability: Holders of public office
are accountable for their decisions ands
actions to the public and must submit
themselves to whatever scrutiny is
appropriate to their office.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

11. 5. Openness: Holders of public office should be as
open as possible about all the decisions and actions
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that they take. They should give reasons for their
decisions and restrict information only when the
wider public interest demands it.
6. Honesty: Holders of public office have a duty to
declare any private interests relating to their public
duties and to take steps to resolve any conflicts
arising in a way that protects the public interest.
7. Leadership: Holders of public office should
promote and support these principles by
leadership and example.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

12. Transparency
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Transparency – is a broad term that, quite literally,
means something that can be seen through. When
we talk about transparency in terms of government
spending, we are referring to government opening its
books to the public so that taxpayers can see exactly
where their money is going.
You pay for your government, and you deserve to
know how it spends your money.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

13. Public trust
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the concept of the public trust relates back to the
origins of democratic government and its seminal
idea that within the public lies the true power and
future of a society; therefore, whatever trust the
public places in its officials must be respected.
 Enforcement how our policy being implemented.
We have so many laws made by the law making
bodies (congress and house of senate) but the output
is quite blurred except it has a budget.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

14. Administrative Theory
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is major emphasis of the Traditional Public
Administration and the new Public administration.
One of the primary objectives of administrative
theory has been the establishment of the good
society. “The past decades has witnessed an
increasing willingness to examine and critically
question the normative assumption that underline
contemporary administrative thought and practice”
(Billone and Nigro, 1980:52). Administrative
exercise has been most focused on the role of the
individual in the realization of the organizations
objective.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

15. Relevant to the needs of Public
Administrators
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It should be concerned with theories that are
designed to change the existing undesired situations
into preferred ones.
Martini’s view is worth mentioning at this point
when he said that
“Public administration must abandoned its hold
upon procedures and theories derived from earlier
stable periods and must concentrate upon creating
theories public units appropriate for turbulent
(Martini:1971-350)”
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

16. At present Administrative Theory subscribes to
certain models of value formation, transmission
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and change which are referred to the position or
objective theory of values. This perspective treats
values as social facts. As social facts, values are by
product of the individual’s environment mainly
through the process of socialization. The objective
of positivist view of values connotes that:
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

17. “The fact that individuals, perceive attach meaning
to and respond to objects 17 explained I terms of
is
social causation. The individual acquires values as a
“reactor”. Through socialization and learning
processes, people respond, internalize and act on
values, but do not actively re-create or change them.
This viewpoint explains the existence of values in
technological or financial terms. Carried to its logical
conclusion, it defined the human mind as controlled
by, and a carrier of defined realities. A person’s
values are “made” by their socio-cultural universe
(Billone and Nigro 1980:40-41)”
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

18. The fact that the Public Administration subscribes to the
positivist view of values may be justified by two explanations:
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First, Public Administration theories are borrowed
extensively from sociology, anthropology, political
science and economics. Billone and Nigro explains that:
The system and concepts employed in modern
administrative theory have been drawn from the modern
social science traditions. The tradition explain values as
the products of “system” requirements, structures, and
processes. This approach, used extensively in sociology
and anthropology, has been adopted by modern
organization theory (Ballone and Nigro, 1980:41)
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

19. Secondly, the logical positivist view of values
reinforced the disciplinary status of public
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administration. On other words, it incorporated a
theory of values that supported it as an intellectual;
and applies effort to efficiently attain the present
goals of institutionalized politics. Henceforth,
“Public Administration has accepted a theory of
values that emphasizes the role of socio-cultural
system, in human cognition, emotion response,
and behaviors.” (Bellone and Nigro, 1980:41)
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

20. On the other hand, relying completely on the objective
concept of values would limit the innovative capacity
of administrative theory. 20 view of the above
In
contention. Bellone and Nigro proposed a more
productive approach which includes the following
characteristics of values:
Values as Human Creation: We would start by
proposing the values and the realities they imply are
created, maintained, and changed by human beings.
Be doing we can deal with the human mind as a co-
equal, rather than a superior of inferior variable. We
can do also attempt to learn how human values
created and changed, not simply how they functions
and are transmitted.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

21. Values Creation As Social – Psychological process.
Conceptually, the creation of values should be
considered a social-psychological interaction. By
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viewing values are the products of interaction
between people we avoid having to choose between
subjective and objective creation.
Values as Object – Oriented Activity. We have
defines values as attributes to phenomena. It is
possible for human beings to attribute meaning to
phenomena because they are able to threat
phenomena as objectives of cognition and emotional
response. If people could not objectify phenomena,
they could not create meaning. And meaning is the
essence of values.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

22. THEORIES OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR
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BEHAVIOR
Behavior is a means of adapting to environmental
demands; capacities have evolved during each
species’ history because they facilitated adaptation
and survival.
Behaviour and mental processes are affected by the
social and cultural environments in which we
develop and live.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

23. MOTIVATION
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Set of internal and external force that causes an
employee to choose a course of action and engage in
certain behaviour. Motivation requires discovering
and understanding employee drives and needs, since
it originates within an individual.
Positive acts performed by the organization-
customer satisfaction through personalized services.
Employees will be more motivated when they have
clear goals to achieve: needs, reinforcement, goals
expectancies and equity.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

24. Principles of Motivation
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Encourage open communication by maintaining a
positive mental attitude.
Show interest in others by being a good listener.
When you are pleased by the behaviour or action of
others, respond by praising the person for favourable
behaviour or action.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

25. Process of Motivation
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Acknowledging a greeting or giving a pat in the back
inspires the subordinates.
Complimenting an employee for a good job
promotes his self-esteem.
A positive gesture from a supervisor boosts
employee’s morale.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

26. Administrative Theory (Fayol)
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Developed at same time as scientific management,
Scott notes that administrative theory "emphasized
management functions and attempted to generate
broad administrative principles that would serve as
guidelines for the rationalization of organizational
activities" p. 36
Administrative theorists developed general
guidelines of how to formalize organizational
structures and relationships. They viewed the job as
antecedent to the worker. Primarily these principles
were broad guidelines for decision making.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

27. Administrative theory was attacked by other rational
theorists, especially Simon, who considered them not
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theory, but merely truisms or contradictory
statements.
These principles or "truisms" (depending on your
perspective) included the following. Under
coordination activities, Fayol and others suggested:
Scalar Principle
Recommends and emphasizes the hierarchical,
pyrimidal structure of control relations (Scott p. 36)
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

28. Exception Principle
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Recommends that all routine matters be handled by
subordinates leaving superiors free to deal with
exceptional issues where existing rules are
inapplicable.
Span of Control Principle
Specifies that superior should have no more
subordinates than they can effectively oversee.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

29. Unity-of-Command Principle
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Emphasizes that no subordinates should receive
orders from more than one superior. Parsons and
others have argued that this often doesn't happen
effectively in most organizations (often the
excecutive isn't qualified to handle more than
external relations and thus delegates responsibility
to more capable underlings).
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

30. Under the category of specialization issues,
which are decisions about how activities are to be
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distributed among organizational positions and how
to group positions into work groups and subunits,
they suggested:
Departmentalization Principle
Activities should be grouped to combine related
activities in the same administrative unit. Related
activities could be based on similarity of purpose,
process, clientele, or place.
Yammie S. Palao PA 202
10/14/12

31. Thank You!
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10/14/12