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- Yash Vardhan Singh
 Non-experimental design.
 Absence of independent variable does not
allow any cause and effect relationship.
 Key feature – Standardized plan and
systematic approach to objectively observe and
record behavior.
Observation
Overt
Behavior
Covert
Behavior
 To ensure that each participant’s behavior is
systematically recorded so it is possible to
aggregate the behavior of all those in sample.
 Participant observation
 Non-Participant observation
 Structured observation
 Non- Structured
 Naturalistic Observation
 It is observation of respondent by researcher in
respondent’s natural social settings.
 Researcher has no influence over behavior of
respondent.
 Behavior of respondent is examined and
recorded without consent of him.
 Advantages:
 Good for observing specific subjects.
Ecologically valid recordings of natural behavior.
Spontaneous behavior likely to happen.
 Disadvantages:
 Threat to confidentiality
 Method relatively underused in social research.
 Systematically and planned observing behavior
in a controlled environment.
 Direct observation of behavior and recording of
the behavior and the recording of that behavior
in term of categories that have been devised
prior to start data collection.
 Explicitly formulated rules for observation and
recording of behavior.
 Rules inform the observer about what they
should look for and how they should record
behavior.
 These rules are articulated in observation
schedule.
 Advantages
 Observing direct behavior.
 Allows control of extraneous variable.
 Reliability of results by repetitive study.
 Provides a safe environment to study continuous
concepts.
 Disadvantages
 Control can effect behavior.
 Observer Bias.
 Imposing of irrelevant framework.
 Not possible to know intentions behind behavior.
 Unable to produce data a whole.
 No use of observation schedule for recording of
behavior.
 Gives narrative account of the behavior.
 Unplanned and informal.
 It studies behavior of respondent in the natural
social settings.
 Advantages
 Broad overview of the situation and conditions
prevailing in the society.
 Useful when subject matter is clear.
 Disadvantages
 Appropriate as first step.
 Not specific approach as it is the narrative
description of observation.
 Problem of generalization.
 Best known method in social science research.
 Associated with qualitative research.
 Prolonged physical immersion of observer in a
social setting in which he seeks to observe the
behavior of members of that setting.
 In-depth study of the society and subject.
 Close interaction and relation between
observer and subject.
 Advantages
 Insiders view.
 Researcher becomes an accepted part of the
environment.
 Detailed study of social settings.
 Identification of real problems and elements that are
leading to such problems.
 Disadvantages
 Problem of objectivity.
 Close relation affects study.
 Time taking process.
 Unstructured.
 Observer observes but does not participate in
what is going on in the social settings.
 Planned and structured.
 Observer abstains himself from his physical
presence in the social settings.
 Other sources are used to come to conclusion.
 Advantages
 Avoidance of Observer effect.
 Biased free.
 Low cost and less time consuming.
 Disadvantages
 Reliance on secondary sources which may be
inaccurate.
 No identification of real problem and prevailing
social settings.
 No in-depth study.
 Coding scheme.
 Specifies the categories of the behavior that are
to be observed and how behavior should be
allocated to these categories.
 One of the best-known schedules for
observation of class rooms is Flanders
Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC) devised
by Flanders(1970).
FIAC Categories
 Literacy is one of the factors to development.
 To know the impact of the illiteracy in the rural
society it is natural to adopt structured
observation. Although non-participation
observation is sufficient to arrive at a conclusion.
 But to know the specific causes of illiteracy and
impact on development a certain level of
participation is necessary.
 By observing the living standard, income and
health conditions of literates and illiterates.
 Observation method is an important method
and tool in social research.
 It is very important in arriving at new
conclusions and findings.
 In-depth study leads to identifications of real
problems.

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Observation method in sociological research

  • 2.  Non-experimental design.  Absence of independent variable does not allow any cause and effect relationship.  Key feature – Standardized plan and systematic approach to objectively observe and record behavior. Observation Overt Behavior Covert Behavior
  • 3.  To ensure that each participant’s behavior is systematically recorded so it is possible to aggregate the behavior of all those in sample.
  • 4.  Participant observation  Non-Participant observation  Structured observation  Non- Structured  Naturalistic Observation
  • 5.  It is observation of respondent by researcher in respondent’s natural social settings.  Researcher has no influence over behavior of respondent.  Behavior of respondent is examined and recorded without consent of him.
  • 6.  Advantages:  Good for observing specific subjects. Ecologically valid recordings of natural behavior. Spontaneous behavior likely to happen.  Disadvantages:  Threat to confidentiality
  • 7.  Method relatively underused in social research.  Systematically and planned observing behavior in a controlled environment.  Direct observation of behavior and recording of the behavior and the recording of that behavior in term of categories that have been devised prior to start data collection.  Explicitly formulated rules for observation and recording of behavior.
  • 8.  Rules inform the observer about what they should look for and how they should record behavior.  These rules are articulated in observation schedule.
  • 9.  Advantages  Observing direct behavior.  Allows control of extraneous variable.  Reliability of results by repetitive study.  Provides a safe environment to study continuous concepts.  Disadvantages  Control can effect behavior.  Observer Bias.  Imposing of irrelevant framework.  Not possible to know intentions behind behavior.  Unable to produce data a whole.
  • 10.  No use of observation schedule for recording of behavior.  Gives narrative account of the behavior.  Unplanned and informal.  It studies behavior of respondent in the natural social settings.
  • 11.  Advantages  Broad overview of the situation and conditions prevailing in the society.  Useful when subject matter is clear.  Disadvantages  Appropriate as first step.  Not specific approach as it is the narrative description of observation.  Problem of generalization.
  • 12.  Best known method in social science research.  Associated with qualitative research.  Prolonged physical immersion of observer in a social setting in which he seeks to observe the behavior of members of that setting.  In-depth study of the society and subject.  Close interaction and relation between observer and subject.
  • 13.  Advantages  Insiders view.  Researcher becomes an accepted part of the environment.  Detailed study of social settings.  Identification of real problems and elements that are leading to such problems.  Disadvantages  Problem of objectivity.  Close relation affects study.  Time taking process.  Unstructured.
  • 14.  Observer observes but does not participate in what is going on in the social settings.  Planned and structured.  Observer abstains himself from his physical presence in the social settings.  Other sources are used to come to conclusion.
  • 15.  Advantages  Avoidance of Observer effect.  Biased free.  Low cost and less time consuming.  Disadvantages  Reliance on secondary sources which may be inaccurate.  No identification of real problem and prevailing social settings.  No in-depth study.
  • 16.  Coding scheme.  Specifies the categories of the behavior that are to be observed and how behavior should be allocated to these categories.  One of the best-known schedules for observation of class rooms is Flanders Interaction Analysis Categories (FIAC) devised by Flanders(1970).
  • 18.  Literacy is one of the factors to development.  To know the impact of the illiteracy in the rural society it is natural to adopt structured observation. Although non-participation observation is sufficient to arrive at a conclusion.  But to know the specific causes of illiteracy and impact on development a certain level of participation is necessary.  By observing the living standard, income and health conditions of literates and illiterates.
  • 19.  Observation method is an important method and tool in social research.  It is very important in arriving at new conclusions and findings.  In-depth study leads to identifications of real problems.