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第五节 氯霉素类抗生素



Chloramphenicol Antibiotics
简介
1947年由委内瑞拉链霉菌培养液中得到
– 确立分子结构
次年即用化学方法合成,并应用于临床




                      2
氯霉素 
  Chloramphenicol
                    O
                         H
                             Cl
O2N            HN
           H
                          Cl
                        OH

           H
      HO




                                  3
结构和化学名
D-苏式-(-)-N-[α-(羟基甲基)-β-羟基对
硝基苯乙基]-2,2-二氯乙酰胺
(D-Threo-(-)-N-[α-(hydroxymethyl)-
β-hydroxy-p-nitrophenethyl-2,2-dichloro
acetamine)
                                          O
                                               H
                                                   Cl
                     O2 N            HN
                                 H
                                                Cl
                                              OH

                                 H
                            HO

                                                        4
结构特点
                   二氯乙酰氨基

  对硝基苯基                 O
                             H
                                 Cl
   O2 N            HN
               H
                              Cl
                            OH

               H
          HO

                   丙二醇
                                      5
立体化学
 2个手性碳
 22个旋光异构
 仅1R,2R(-)或D(-)苏阿糖型(Threo)有抗菌活
 性,临床使用
     NO2                             NO2                NO2                                NO2




         1                               1                  1                                  1
HO   C       H                  H    C       OH     H   C       OH                 HO      C       H
         2                               2                  2                                  2
H    C       NHCOCHCl2   Cl2CHCOHN   C       H      H   C       NHCOCHCl2   Cl2CHCOHN      C       H
     CH 2OH                          CH 2OH             CH 2OH                             CH 2OH

 1R, 2R (-)                   1S, 2S (+)          1S, 2R (+)                  1R, 2S (+)


D-(-)-Threo                    L-(+)-Threo         d-(+)-Erythro                   L-(-)-Erythro

                                                                                                       6
合霉素(Syntomycin)
外消旋体
作用为Chloramphenicol的一半

          NO2                                NO2




     HO   C1    H                        H   C1    OH
      H   C2    NHCOCHCl2   Cl2 CHCOHN       C2    H
          CH2 OH                             CH2 OH




                                                        7
性状
白色或微带黄绿色的针状、长片状结晶
或结晶性粉末,味苦;mp.149~152℃。
本品在甲醇、乙醇、丙酮或丙二醇中易
溶,水中微溶
在无水乙醇中呈 右旋性
在醋酸乙酯中呈 左旋性


                         8
合成   O2 N



                     O
                              Br2 , C6 H5 Cl
                                                O2 N



                                                                   O
                                                                         Br
                                                                              (CH2 )6 N4 , C6 H5 Cl
                                                                                                      O2 N



                                                                                                                         O
                                                                                                                                  Br . (CH2 )6 N4



                                       O2 N                                                            O2 N
       C2 H5 OH, HCl ,H2 O                                                       Ac2 O, AcONa                                               O


 沈                                                             NH2 . HCl                                                           N
                                                                                                                                   H
                                                   O                                                                         O

 家                                  p-Nitro-α -aminophenylacetone


 祥    HCHO, C2 H5 OH
                                O2 N
                                                    HO
                                                     H         O    Al[OCH(CH3 )2 ]3 , HOCH(CH3 )2
                                                                                                             O2 N
                                                                                                                                 HO
                                                                                                                                  H             O

 路          pH = 2-7.5                                   N
                                                         H
                                                                                                                                            N
                                                                                                                                            H
 线                                            O                                                                              H
                                                                                                                              OH
                              p-Nitro-α -acetamido-β-hydroxyphenylpropanone                                   ( + ) -threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-
                                                                                                              2-acetamidopropane-1,3-diol



                                               HO                                                     HO
                         O2 N                                                     O2 N
        HCl, H2 O                               H                  15%NaOH                             H                 Resolution
                                                    NH2 .HCl                                                 NH2
                                         H                                                        H
                                               OH                                                   OH
                                                                                   ( + ) -threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-
                                                                                   2-aminopropane-1,3-diol
                                                                                                                             O
        O2 N                                                                                                                      H
                                H NH2                                                                                                  Cl
                                        OH                                                    O2 N                      HN
                                                    Cl2 CHCOOCH3 , CH3 OH                                           H             Cl
                          H                                                                                                  OH
                               OH
            D-(-) -threo-1-p-nitrophenyl-                                                                      H
                                                                                                                    OH
            2-aminopropane-1,3-diol
                                                                                                                                                    9
理化性质
1,稳定性
2,水解性
3,鉴别反应
                              O
                                   H
                                       Cl
         O2 N            HN
                     H
                                    Cl
                                  OH

                     H
                HO


                                            10
稳定性
性质稳定,能耐热
– 在干燥状态下可保持抗菌活性5年以上
水溶液可冷藏几个月
– 煮沸5小时对抗菌活性亦无影响
– 在中性、弱酸性(pH 4.5~7.5)较稳定




                           11
水解性
强碱性(pH 9以上)                                     氯水解
强酸性(pH 2以下)                                    酰胺水解
                                                                          O
                                                                               H
                                                                                   OH
                                               O2 N                  HN
                                                                 H             OH
                       O                   -                              OH
                            H         OH
                                 Cl                          H
   O2 N           HN                                             OH
              H             Cl
                       OH
          H
              OH                          +           O2 N
                                      H                                  H NH2
                                                                                 OH
                                                                     H
                                                                         OH




                                                                                        12
鉴别反应
       酸水解后产物与过碘酸作用,氧化生成对硝基
       苯甲醛;
         – 与2,4-硝基苯肼缩合,生成苯腙

                                                        H2NHN
O2 N                                                              O2 N
                 H NH2               O2 N                                              NO2
                                                          O2N   NO2
                              HIO4
                         OH                                              N
                                                    O                        N
             H                                                               H
                 OH                                                              NO2
       p-nitrophenyl-2-
       aminopropan-1,3-diol           p-nitrobenzaldchyde




                                                                                       13
鉴别反应
硝基经氯化钙和锌粉还原成羟胺衍生物
在醋酸钠存在下与苯甲酰氯进行苯甲酰化,再在弱酸
性溶液中与高铁离子生成紫红色的络合物

                          O                                                                O                       O
                               H                                                                H
                                    Cl                                H                              Cl
                                                                      N              NH                                Cl
 O2 N                HN
                 H                            Zn, HCl         HO                 H              Cl
                               Cl
                          OH                                                               OH
             H                                                               H
                 OH                                                            OH
                                                                           羟胺衍生物
                                                                   Chloramphenicol Hydroxyamine

                                              O                                                                         O
                                                    H                                                                            H
                                                         Cl                                                                           Cl
                 N                       NH                                                    N                  NH
                                    H               Cl        FeCl3                                           H                            Fe
            HO                                                                            HO                                     Cl
        O                                      OH                                    O                                      OH
                              H                                                                           H
                                    OH                                                                        OH                           3



                                                                                                                                                14
作用机理
主要作用于细胞核糖体50 S亚基,能特异性地
阻止mRNA与核糖体结合
– 因Chloramphenicol的结构与5′-磷酸尿嘧啶核苷
 相似
   可与mRNA分子中的5′-磷酸尿嘧啶核苷竞争核糖体上的作
   用部位,使mRNA与核糖体的结合受到抑制
– 阻止蛋白质的合成
Chloramphenicol还可抑制转肽酶使肽链不能
增长
– 因转肽酶可催化键合作用

                                   15
16
临床应用
对G-及G+都有抑制作用
– 对G-效力强
治疗伤寒、副伤寒、斑疹伤寒等
对百日咳、砂眼、细菌性痢疾及尿道感
染等也有疗效
可损害骨髓的造血功能,引起再生障碍
性贫血

                    17
前药—成酯
                                                              O
琥珀氯霉素[典]
                                                                  H
                                                                      Cl
                                    O2 N                 NH
                                                     H            Cl       O

– 注射液                                            H
                                                              O
                                                                                OH
                                                     OH           O

棕榈氯霉素[典]                                          琥珀氯霉素
                                           Chloramphenicol Succinate

– 无味氯霉素

                            O
                                H
                                    Cl
        O 2N           NH
                   H            Cl
                            O
               H                O
                   OH
                                                                  - C 15 H 31
                                   棕榈氯霉素
                            Chloramphenicol Palmitate

                                                                                     18
合成类似物
甲砜霉素 (Thiamphenicol)
– 抗菌活性增强

  O O                O
                          H
                               Cl
   S            NH                                       O
                                                              H
            H             Cl                                      Cl
                                    O2 N            HN
                     OH                         H
                                                               Cl
                                                             OH
        H
            OH                             HO
                                                H




                                                                       19
20
主要学习内容
重点药物
– 氯霉素
氯霉素的立体化学
                                O
                                     H
                                         Cl
           O2 N            HN
                       H
                                      Cl
                                    OH

                       H
                  HO

                                              21
谢谢!




      22

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