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SBS 110 - Evolution
SBS 110 - Evolution



“Nothing in Biology Makes Sense
Except in the Light of Evolution”
                  Theodosius Dobzhansky 1973
Course Outline
 and Timetable
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Recommended Reading
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Paperback 352 pages
(2010)
Publisher: Profile Books

Amazon price: £5.89
Paperback 416 pages
(Jan. 1, 2007)

Publisher: McGraw-Hill
Education (ISE Editions)
Amazon Price: £25.73
Paperback 596 pages
(11 Aug 2005)

Publisher: Oxford University Press
Amazon price: £26.99
Lecture 1: Introduction and some
     historical perspectives




           1809—1882
Early ideas
Fixity of species or change?
Early ideas
              Fixity of species or change?


350 B.C. Aristotle:
    individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging
Early ideas
              Fixity of species or change?


350 B.C. Aristotle:
    individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging
1749 Buffon Histoire Naturelle encyclopedia:
    The earth is very old. Species change.
Early ideas
              Fixity of species or change?


350 B.C. Aristotle:
    individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging
1749 Buffon Histoire Naturelle encyclopedia:
    The earth is very old. Species change.
1785 Hutton. Geologist:
    Uniformitarianism: Changes in nature are gradual.
Early ideas
              Fixity of species or change?


350 B.C. Aristotle:
    individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging
1749 Buffon Histoire Naturelle encyclopedia:
    The earth is very old. Species change.
1785 Hutton. Geologist:
    Uniformitarianism: Changes in nature are gradual.
1798 Cuvier:
    Fossils show extinct species (due to catastrophe).
    Species don’t change.
3 Schools of evolutionary thought


1. Linnaeus:1700s

2. Lamarck: 1744—1829

3. Darwin & Wallace: 1800s
Carolus Linnaeus (1707—1778)
             •   Swedish

             •   180 books classified nature:
                 “revealing the order of life created
                 by God.”

             •   Devised the binomial naming
                 system: Genus species

             •   Thought that species do not
                 change.
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
                •   Linneaus: each species was
                    separately created.
J-B. de Lamarck (1744—1829)




•   Worked most of his life at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris)

•   He promoted the idea that species change.
3 Schools of evolutionary thought


1. Linnaeus:1700s

2. Lamarck: 1744-1829

3. Darwin & Wallace: 1800s
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
                •   Linneaus: each species was
                    separately created.
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
                •   Linneaus: each species was
                    separately created.

                •   Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an
                    individual are passed on to offspring.
Giraffe necks
          •   Lamarck: stretching giraffes
              lengthened their necks to
              reach tree-top vegetation.
              This acquired characteristic
              is passed to offspring.


          •   Darwin & Wallace: giraffes
              with long necks out-
              compete those with short
              necks.
3 Schools of evolutionary thought


1. Linnaeus:1700s

2. Lamarck: 1744—1829

3. Darwin & Wallace: 1800s
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

         Published on Human population growth:
           Human populations increase faster
           (geometrically)
           than food production (increases
           arithmetically)

         Ideas strongly influenced Darwin & Wallace
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
     A geologist and strong proponent
     of uniformitarianism.
      Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
                              A geologist and strong proponent
                              of uniformitarianism.
                              Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
                                 A geologist and strong proponent
                                 of uniformitarianism.
                                 Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
 • Accepted by all scientists:
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
                                A geologist and strong proponent
                                of uniformitarianism.
                                Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
 • Accepted by all scientists:
     1. Natural laws are constant across space and time
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
                                 A geologist and strong proponent
                                 of uniformitarianism.
                                 Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
 • Accepted by all scientists:
     1. Natural laws are constant across space and time
     2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by
        causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or
        unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available
        processes suffice.
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
                                 A geologist and strong proponent
                                 of uniformitarianism.
                                 Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
 • Accepted by all scientists:
     1. Natural laws are constant across space and time
     2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by
        causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or
        unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available
        processes suffice.
 • Debatable:
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
                                 A geologist and strong proponent
                                 of uniformitarianism.
                                 Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
 • Accepted by all scientists:
     1. Natural laws are constant across space and time
     2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by
        causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or
        unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available
        processes suffice.
 • Debatable:
     3. Change is slow, steady, and gradual.
Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
                                 A geologist and strong proponent
                                 of uniformitarianism.
                                 Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
 • Accepted by all scientists:
     1. Natural laws are constant across space and time
     2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by
        causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or
        unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available
        processes suffice.
 • Debatable:
     3. Change is slow, steady, and gradual.
     4. Change is evenly distributed throughout space and time.
Darwin & the Voyage of the Beagle




                      1831-1836
Galápagos finches



•   Analysis of these finches led to the hypothesis that they were derived
    from one ancestral species arriving from the mainland to populate
    and diversify across the islands (adaptive radiation).
Darwin
 1837
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

            •   Darwin at about 30 years old, and
                three years back from his voyage
                aboard HMS Beagle.

            •   The Origin of Species was
                published several decades later in
                1859 (prompted by competition
                from Alfred Russel Wallace).
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
               •   Wallace in his thirties. (National
                   Portrait Gallery, London.)

               •   In 1858 he came up with similar
                   ideas to Darwin about the
                   mechanism of evolutionary change
Read at the Linnean Society
Evolution by natural selection
Evolution by natural selection
Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.
Evolution by natural selection
Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.

Because they do not:
   * either not all animals reach maturity
   * and/or some animals breed less
Evolution by natural selection
Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.

Because they do not:
   * either not all animals reach maturity
   * and/or some animals breed less

Individuals within a population differ (natural variation)
Evolution by natural selection
Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.

Because they do not:
   * either not all animals reach maturity
   * and/or some animals breed less

Individuals within a population differ (natural variation)
    These differences (traits) may affect survival/reproduction
Evolution by natural selection
Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.

Because they do not:
   * either not all animals reach maturity
   * and/or some animals breed less

Individuals within a population differ (natural variation)
    These differences (traits) may affect survival/reproduction
    Traits are heritable: passed on from parents to offspring
Evolution by natural selection
Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.

Because they do not:
   * either not all animals reach maturity
   * and/or some animals breed less

Individuals within a population differ (natural variation)
    These differences (traits) may affect survival/reproduction
    Traits are heritable: passed on from parents to offspring

Advantageous traits lead to increased survival of certain lineages
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
                •   Linneaus: each species was
                    separately created.

                •   Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an
                    individual are passed on to offspring.
3 Schools of evolutionary thought
                •   Linneaus: each species was
                    separately created.

                •   Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an
                    individual are passed on to offspring.




                •   Darwin & Wallace: viewed evolution
                    as descent with modification.
Giraffe necks
          •   Lamarck: stretching giraffes
              lengthened their necks to
              reach tree-top vegetation.
              This acquired characteristic
              is passed to offspring.


          •   Darwin & Wallace: giraffes
              with long necks out-
              compete those with short
              necks.
Giraffe necks
          •   Lamarck: stretching giraffes
              lengthened their necks to
              reach tree-top vegetation.
              This acquired characteristic
              is passed to offspring.


          •   Darwin & Wallace: giraffes
              with long necks out-
              compete those with short
              necks.
(1859) "The Origin of Species"
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection


 theory |ˈTHēərē, ˈTHi(ə)rē|
 noun ( pl. theories )


     A scheme or system of ideas or statements held as an
     explanation or account of a group of facts or phenomena;
     a hypothesis that has been confirmed or established by
     observation and experiment, and is propounded or
     accepted as accounting for the known facts.

(Oxford English Dictionary)
Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859)
      "The Origin of Species"
Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859)
       "The Origin of Species"
• There is inherited variation within species.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859)
       "The Origin of Species"
• There is inherited variation within species.
• There is competition for survival within species.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859)
       "The Origin of Species"
• There is inherited variation within species.
• There is competition for survival within species.
• Natural selection is the process whereby genetically inherited
characteristics become more or less common in a population as a
function of the differential reproductive success of the bearers of these
characteristics.
Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859)
       "The Origin of Species"
• There is inherited variation within species.
• There is competition for survival within species.
• Natural selection is the process whereby genetically inherited
characteristics become more or less common in a population as a
function of the differential reproductive success of the bearers of these
characteristics.

•This process occuruing independently on two populations of a single
species leads to the accumulation of differences between the populations
- and ultimately to speciation.
Natural selection leads to
               adaptive change

•   But environmental conditions change:
      What was advantageous yesterday may be a disadvantage today.

•   And evolution also occurs by:
    • genetic drift
    • sexual selection
    • artifical selection (selective breeding)
Summary of Lecture 1

Ideas on how the diversity of life was/is produced date back
                 to the ancient Greeks

     These ideas developed considerably in the 1800s,
culminating in the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Lecture 2


  Darwin’s evidence for evolution

                  and

“Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis”
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.      The Fossil Record
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.      The Fossil Record
   2.     Comparative Anatomy
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.      The Fossil Record
   2.     Comparative Anatomy
   3.    Comparative Embryology
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.      The Fossil Record
   2.     Comparative Anatomy
   3.    Comparative Embryology
   4.      Vestigial Structures
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.         The Fossil Record
   2.       Comparative Anatomy
   3.      Comparative Embryology
   4.        Vestigial Structures
   5.   Domestication (artificial selection)
1. The Fossil Record: Paleontology


Random
 order                     Reality: there is
                        sequential order to
                          the fossil record




Lecture 5
1. The Fossil Record: Paleontology


Random
 order                     Reality: there is
                        sequential order to
                          the fossil record




Lecture 5
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.           The Fossil Record
   2.     Comparative Anatomy
   3.      Comparative Embryology
   4.        Vestigial Structures
   5.   Domestication (artificial selection)
2. Comparative anatomy




•   Correspondence between parts and comparison of forelimbs among
    four vertebrates.
Diversity of type, unity of pattern



                •   Although these vertebrate species
                    differ, the underlying pattern of the
                    forelimb is fundamentally the same.
Homology and analogy




•   Homology - vertebrate forearms: the bat wing, mouse forearm, and
    human arm are homologous structures as all are composed of similar
    bones inherited from a recent common ancestor.
Homology and analogy




•   Analogy: The wings of bats, butterflies, and birds evolved
    independently, not from a recent common ancestor. But they
    have a similar function, flight, and so are analogous.
Morphological series - evolution
         of limbs from fins




•   Note homology of structures
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.         The Fossil Record
   2.      Comparative Anatomy
   3.   Comparative Embryology
   4.        Vestigial Structures
   5.   Domestication (artificial selection)
3. Comparative Embryology




•   Embryonic retention of ancestral characteristics in vertebrates (e.g. gills
    and tails)
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.         The Fossil Record
   2.       Comparative Anatomy
   3.      Comparative Embryology
   4.       Vestigial Structures
   5.   Domestication (artificial selection)
4. Vestigial features I
•   Whales: hips and hind limbs are reduced to small bones with no function.
•   In primitive snakes, the remnants of hind limbs persist (forelimbs are
    absent).
Vestigial features II


                 •   The human appendix
                     is a vestigial
                     structure, reduced
                     from the caecum of
                     primate ancestors.
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.        The Fossil Record
   2.      Comparative Anatomy
   3.     Comparative Embryology
   4.        Vestigial Structures
   5. Domestication (artificial selection)
5. Domestication (artificial selection)




                               Von Holdt et al.
                               (2010) Nature
                                464, 898-903
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Darwin’s evidence for evolution
   1.         The Fossil Record
   2.       Comparative Anatomy
   3.      Comparative Embryology
   4.        Vestigial Structures
   5.   Domestication (artificial selection)
Pattern and process in evolution

   Inference    Pattern
                           Inference
     about
                             about
   effect on
                          evolutionary
  taxonomic
                            process
    pattern
               Process
Lecture 2


         Darwin’s evidence for evolution

                      and

“Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis”
“Neo-Darwinism”
         or
“The Modern Synthesis”
“Neo-Darwinism”
           or
  “The Modern Synthesis”
 The same thing... but with better
understanding of how things work.
“Neo-Darwinism”
                  or
         “The Modern Synthesis”
       The same thing... but with better
      understanding of how things work.

• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
“Neo-Darwinism”
                  or
         “The Modern Synthesis”
       The same thing... but with better
      understanding of how things work.

• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
“Neo-Darwinism”
                  or
         “The Modern Synthesis”
       The same thing... but with better
      understanding of how things work.

• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
“Neo-Darwinism”
                  or
         “The Modern Synthesis”
       The same thing... but with better
      understanding of how things work.

• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
• Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12)
“Neo-Darwinism”
                  or
         “The Modern Synthesis”
       The same thing... but with better
      understanding of how things work.

• Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
• Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
• Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12)
• Molecular genetics (1970s- ; see SBS 633/210 and Lecture 6)
Gregor Mendel (1822-1984)

        Worked out the basic
        laws of inheritance:
        Segregation and
        independent assortment
J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964)


                              With Fisher and Wright, one
                              of the founders of population
                              genetics.



 “The Causes of Evolution” (1932): first major contribution
to what became the “modern evolutionary synthesis".
R.A. Fisher (1890-1962)


            Invented Analysis of Variance
                  and other stats!
              Worked on the theory of
                population genetics
Theodosius Dobzhansky
    (1900-1975)
           “Nothing in Biology makes
           sense except in the light of
                   evolution”.

           Theodosius Dobzhansky's
           Genetics and the Origin of
           Species, published in 1937.
Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)
          Worked on speciation and
          the definition of species.
Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)
          Worked on speciation and
          the definition of species.
Ernst Mayr (1904-2005)
          Worked on speciation and
          the definition of species.
William D. Hamilton (1936 - 2000)

               Explained weird sex ratios


               Explained how natural selection
               acts on social behaviour (“kin
               selection”)
                 relatedness * benefit > cost
John Maynard-Smith (1920-2004)


                Most widely known for
                 applying game theory
                to evolutionary biology
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Summary/overview of Lecture 2
                  EVOLUTION
           (“descent with modification”)

           Pattern               Process

  • Fossil record           • Mechanisms
  • Dating methods          • Environmental drivers
                                •climate
  • Molecular evolution         •cont. drift
  • Molecular clocks            •extinctions etc

                 The Modern Synthesis
What next?
•   Epigenetics

•   Cultural transmission        “Extended Evolutionary Synthesis” ?

•   Niche construction



•   Comparative genomics
                                 “Postmodern Synthesis” ?
•   Systems Biology
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Pastafarianism - Church of the
   Flying Spaghetti Monster
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare
Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare

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Evolution lectures1&2 2012 slideshare

  • 1. SBS 110 - Evolution
  • 2. SBS 110 - Evolution “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution” Theodosius Dobzhansky 1973
  • 3. Course Outline and Timetable
  • 9. Paperback 352 pages (2010) Publisher: Profile Books Amazon price: £5.89
  • 10. Paperback 416 pages (Jan. 1, 2007) Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education (ISE Editions) Amazon Price: £25.73
  • 11. Paperback 596 pages (11 Aug 2005) Publisher: Oxford University Press Amazon price: £26.99
  • 12. Lecture 1: Introduction and some historical perspectives 1809—1882
  • 13. Early ideas Fixity of species or change?
  • 14. Early ideas Fixity of species or change? 350 B.C. Aristotle: individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging
  • 15. Early ideas Fixity of species or change? 350 B.C. Aristotle: individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging 1749 Buffon Histoire Naturelle encyclopedia: The earth is very old. Species change.
  • 16. Early ideas Fixity of species or change? 350 B.C. Aristotle: individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging 1749 Buffon Histoire Naturelle encyclopedia: The earth is very old. Species change. 1785 Hutton. Geologist: Uniformitarianism: Changes in nature are gradual.
  • 17. Early ideas Fixity of species or change? 350 B.C. Aristotle: individuals in a “Species” are identical and unchanging 1749 Buffon Histoire Naturelle encyclopedia: The earth is very old. Species change. 1785 Hutton. Geologist: Uniformitarianism: Changes in nature are gradual. 1798 Cuvier: Fossils show extinct species (due to catastrophe). Species don’t change.
  • 18. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought 1. Linnaeus:1700s 2. Lamarck: 1744—1829 3. Darwin & Wallace: 1800s
  • 19. Carolus Linnaeus (1707—1778) • Swedish • 180 books classified nature: “revealing the order of life created by God.” • Devised the binomial naming system: Genus species • Thought that species do not change.
  • 20. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought
  • 21. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought • Linneaus: each species was separately created.
  • 22. J-B. de Lamarck (1744—1829) • Worked most of his life at the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris) • He promoted the idea that species change.
  • 23. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought 1. Linnaeus:1700s 2. Lamarck: 1744-1829 3. Darwin & Wallace: 1800s
  • 24. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought • Linneaus: each species was separately created.
  • 25. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought • Linneaus: each species was separately created. • Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an individual are passed on to offspring.
  • 26. Giraffe necks • Lamarck: stretching giraffes lengthened their necks to reach tree-top vegetation. This acquired characteristic is passed to offspring. • Darwin & Wallace: giraffes with long necks out- compete those with short necks.
  • 27. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought 1. Linnaeus:1700s 2. Lamarck: 1744—1829 3. Darwin & Wallace: 1800s
  • 28. Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) Published on Human population growth: Human populations increase faster (geometrically) than food production (increases arithmetically) Ideas strongly influenced Darwin & Wallace
  • 29. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace
  • 30. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas:
  • 31. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas: • Accepted by all scientists:
  • 32. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas: • Accepted by all scientists: 1. Natural laws are constant across space and time
  • 33. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas: • Accepted by all scientists: 1. Natural laws are constant across space and time 2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available processes suffice.
  • 34. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas: • Accepted by all scientists: 1. Natural laws are constant across space and time 2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available processes suffice. • Debatable:
  • 35. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas: • Accepted by all scientists: 1. Natural laws are constant across space and time 2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available processes suffice. • Debatable: 3. Change is slow, steady, and gradual.
  • 36. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) A geologist and strong proponent of uniformitarianism. Ideas influenced Darwin and Wallace Uniformitarianism. 4 ideas: • Accepted by all scientists: 1. Natural laws are constant across space and time 2. Principle of parsimony: try to explain the past by causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available processes suffice. • Debatable: 3. Change is slow, steady, and gradual. 4. Change is evenly distributed throughout space and time.
  • 37. Darwin & the Voyage of the Beagle 1831-1836
  • 38. Galápagos finches • Analysis of these finches led to the hypothesis that they were derived from one ancestral species arriving from the mainland to populate and diversify across the islands (adaptive radiation).
  • 40. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) • Darwin at about 30 years old, and three years back from his voyage aboard HMS Beagle. • The Origin of Species was published several decades later in 1859 (prompted by competition from Alfred Russel Wallace).
  • 41. Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) • Wallace in his thirties. (National Portrait Gallery, London.) • In 1858 he came up with similar ideas to Darwin about the mechanism of evolutionary change
  • 42. Read at the Linnean Society
  • 43. Evolution by natural selection
  • 44. Evolution by natural selection Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size.
  • 45. Evolution by natural selection Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size. Because they do not: * either not all animals reach maturity * and/or some animals breed less
  • 46. Evolution by natural selection Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size. Because they do not: * either not all animals reach maturity * and/or some animals breed less Individuals within a population differ (natural variation)
  • 47. Evolution by natural selection Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size. Because they do not: * either not all animals reach maturity * and/or some animals breed less Individuals within a population differ (natural variation) These differences (traits) may affect survival/reproduction
  • 48. Evolution by natural selection Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size. Because they do not: * either not all animals reach maturity * and/or some animals breed less Individuals within a population differ (natural variation) These differences (traits) may affect survival/reproduction Traits are heritable: passed on from parents to offspring
  • 49. Evolution by natural selection Under optimal conditions, populations indefinitely increase in size. Because they do not: * either not all animals reach maturity * and/or some animals breed less Individuals within a population differ (natural variation) These differences (traits) may affect survival/reproduction Traits are heritable: passed on from parents to offspring Advantageous traits lead to increased survival of certain lineages
  • 50. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought • Linneaus: each species was separately created. • Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an individual are passed on to offspring.
  • 51. 3 Schools of evolutionary thought • Linneaus: each species was separately created. • Lamarck: characteristics acquired by an individual are passed on to offspring. • Darwin & Wallace: viewed evolution as descent with modification.
  • 52. Giraffe necks • Lamarck: stretching giraffes lengthened their necks to reach tree-top vegetation. This acquired characteristic is passed to offspring. • Darwin & Wallace: giraffes with long necks out- compete those with short necks.
  • 53. Giraffe necks • Lamarck: stretching giraffes lengthened their necks to reach tree-top vegetation. This acquired characteristic is passed to offspring. • Darwin & Wallace: giraffes with long necks out- compete those with short necks.
  • 54. (1859) "The Origin of Species"
  • 55. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection theory |ˈTHēərē, ˈTHi(ə)rē| noun ( pl. theories ) A scheme or system of ideas or statements held as an explanation or account of a group of facts or phenomena; a hypothesis that has been confirmed or established by observation and experiment, and is propounded or accepted as accounting for the known facts. (Oxford English Dictionary)
  • 56. Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859) "The Origin of Species"
  • 57. Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859) "The Origin of Species" • There is inherited variation within species.
  • 58. Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859) "The Origin of Species" • There is inherited variation within species. • There is competition for survival within species.
  • 59. Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859) "The Origin of Species" • There is inherited variation within species. • There is competition for survival within species. • Natural selection is the process whereby genetically inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population as a function of the differential reproductive success of the bearers of these characteristics.
  • 60. Darwin's Theory of Evolution (1859) "The Origin of Species" • There is inherited variation within species. • There is competition for survival within species. • Natural selection is the process whereby genetically inherited characteristics become more or less common in a population as a function of the differential reproductive success of the bearers of these characteristics. •This process occuruing independently on two populations of a single species leads to the accumulation of differences between the populations - and ultimately to speciation.
  • 61. Natural selection leads to adaptive change • But environmental conditions change: What was advantageous yesterday may be a disadvantage today. • And evolution also occurs by: • genetic drift • sexual selection • artifical selection (selective breeding)
  • 62. Summary of Lecture 1 Ideas on how the diversity of life was/is produced date back to the ancient Greeks These ideas developed considerably in the 1800s, culminating in the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
  • 64. Lecture 2 Darwin’s evidence for evolution and “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis”
  • 66. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record
  • 67. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy
  • 68. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology
  • 69. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology 4. Vestigial Structures
  • 70. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology 4. Vestigial Structures 5. Domestication (artificial selection)
  • 71. 1. The Fossil Record: Paleontology Random order Reality: there is sequential order to the fossil record Lecture 5
  • 72. 1. The Fossil Record: Paleontology Random order Reality: there is sequential order to the fossil record Lecture 5
  • 73. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology 4. Vestigial Structures 5. Domestication (artificial selection)
  • 74. 2. Comparative anatomy • Correspondence between parts and comparison of forelimbs among four vertebrates.
  • 75. Diversity of type, unity of pattern • Although these vertebrate species differ, the underlying pattern of the forelimb is fundamentally the same.
  • 76. Homology and analogy • Homology - vertebrate forearms: the bat wing, mouse forearm, and human arm are homologous structures as all are composed of similar bones inherited from a recent common ancestor.
  • 77. Homology and analogy • Analogy: The wings of bats, butterflies, and birds evolved independently, not from a recent common ancestor. But they have a similar function, flight, and so are analogous.
  • 78. Morphological series - evolution of limbs from fins • Note homology of structures
  • 79. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology 4. Vestigial Structures 5. Domestication (artificial selection)
  • 80. 3. Comparative Embryology • Embryonic retention of ancestral characteristics in vertebrates (e.g. gills and tails)
  • 81. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology 4. Vestigial Structures 5. Domestication (artificial selection)
  • 82. 4. Vestigial features I • Whales: hips and hind limbs are reduced to small bones with no function. • In primitive snakes, the remnants of hind limbs persist (forelimbs are absent).
  • 83. Vestigial features II • The human appendix is a vestigial structure, reduced from the caecum of primate ancestors.
  • 84. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology 4. Vestigial Structures 5. Domestication (artificial selection)
  • 85. 5. Domestication (artificial selection) Von Holdt et al. (2010) Nature 464, 898-903
  • 88. Darwin’s evidence for evolution 1. The Fossil Record 2. Comparative Anatomy 3. Comparative Embryology 4. Vestigial Structures 5. Domestication (artificial selection)
  • 89. Pattern and process in evolution Inference Pattern Inference about about effect on evolutionary taxonomic process pattern Process
  • 90. Lecture 2 Darwin’s evidence for evolution and “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis”
  • 91. “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis”
  • 92. “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis” The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work.
  • 93. “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis” The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work. • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
  • 94. “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis” The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work. • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection • Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008)
  • 95. “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis” The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work. • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection • Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008) • Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - )
  • 96. “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis” The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work. • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection • Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008) • Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - ) • Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12)
  • 97. “Neo-Darwinism” or “The Modern Synthesis” The same thing... but with better understanding of how things work. • Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection • Mendel’s Laws of Heredity (1866, 1900; see SBS 008) • Cytogenetics (1902, 1904 - ) • Population Genetics (1908; see Lectures 7-12) • Molecular genetics (1970s- ; see SBS 633/210 and Lecture 6)
  • 98. Gregor Mendel (1822-1984) Worked out the basic laws of inheritance: Segregation and independent assortment
  • 99. J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964) With Fisher and Wright, one of the founders of population genetics. “The Causes of Evolution” (1932): first major contribution to what became the “modern evolutionary synthesis".
  • 100. R.A. Fisher (1890-1962) Invented Analysis of Variance and other stats! Worked on the theory of population genetics
  • 101. Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975) “Nothing in Biology makes sense except in the light of evolution”. Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species, published in 1937.
  • 102. Ernst Mayr (1904-2005) Worked on speciation and the definition of species.
  • 103. Ernst Mayr (1904-2005) Worked on speciation and the definition of species.
  • 104. Ernst Mayr (1904-2005) Worked on speciation and the definition of species.
  • 105. William D. Hamilton (1936 - 2000) Explained weird sex ratios Explained how natural selection acts on social behaviour (“kin selection”) relatedness * benefit > cost
  • 106. John Maynard-Smith (1920-2004) Most widely known for applying game theory to evolutionary biology
  • 108. Summary/overview of Lecture 2 EVOLUTION (“descent with modification”) Pattern Process • Fossil record • Mechanisms • Dating methods • Environmental drivers •climate • Molecular evolution •cont. drift • Molecular clocks •extinctions etc The Modern Synthesis
  • 109. What next? • Epigenetics • Cultural transmission “Extended Evolutionary Synthesis” ? • Niche construction • Comparative genomics “Postmodern Synthesis” ? • Systems Biology
  • 112. Pastafarianism - Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster