Team 13 presentation

Project REBIRTH
YGHCC Team #13

Cynthia Chan Bernice Qi
Tammie Kwong Sisi Wang
Joshua Lyons

November 10, 2012

Confidential Presentation

Introduction
Final Presentation

Introduction
Business Human Health Timeline &
Introduction R&D Conclusion Appendix
Policy Rights Education Budget

 Our goals:
 Provide the South African government with a set of innovative, effective, and feasible
recommendations for reforming and developing the mining industry

 Understand the demands of competing stakeholders, including:

– Government

– Private sector

– Mine employees

– Non-governmental organizations

 Client goals:
 Appropriately respond to recent crisis in the mining sector

 Implement reforms designed to promote long-term business growth

 Strive to improve the health, freedom, and economic security of South Africa’s citizens

Executive Summary
Final Presentation

Key Problem Areas

Inadequate protection of human rights

High rates of Disease

Insufficient economic incentives

Weak support for education and research

Executive Summary
Final Presentation

Key Recommendations: REBIRTH

Revitalizing Education & Business, Improving Rights, Targeting Health

1. Research & Development – Bernice Qi

2. Business Policies – Joshua Lyons

3. Human Rights – Cynthia Chan

4. Health Education – Sisi Wang & Tammie Kwong

Revitalizing Improving Targeting
Business
Education Rights Health

Research & Development
Final Presentation

Current Challenges

 Low productivity due to:
 Lack of innovative techniques for efficient mining
 Lack of skilled workers and researchers
 Health and safety hazards
 Competition with other countries

Research and Development
Final Presentation

Benefits from Improved Research Capacity

 Increased productivity
 Better technology: discovery of new mines
 More skilled practitioners
 Expansion of manufacturing sector
 Improved strategies to ensure safety and health for mine
workers

Final Presentation

Proposed Solution

Increase funding
for research and
education in
mining

Expand
Attract more
education
researchers
programs

Increase
Postgraduate:
Undergraduate research funds
research grants
and contracts

Final Presentation

Beneficiaries

 Research institutions and programs

 The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Natural Resource
and Environment

– CoalTech, PlatMine

 Mine Health and Safety Council

 The Mining Industry Growth Development and Employment Task Team
(MIGDETT)

 Educational institutes

 University of the Witwatersrand

 University of Pretoria

Business Policy
Final Presentation

Key Areas

 Wage growth
 Employment growth
 Investment growth

Business Policy
Final Presentation

Wage Growth

 Policy recommendation:

 For each $1 year-on-year increase in average miner wage above the increase in
South Africa’s CPI, offer a $0.18 tax credit against mineral royalties per worker
employed (restricted to citizens of South Africa)

 Effects:

 Stimulate wage growth beyond rate of inflation

 Flexible and non-disruptive policy to improve wages (alternative to minimum
wage)

Business Policy
Final Presentation

Employment Growth

 Policy recommendations:

 Offer an employee retention credit: $500 for miners each year that have been
retained as employees for at least one year (restricted to citizens of South Africa)

 Develop the rare earth mineral sector:

– Offer a 5-year waver of royalties on rare earth mineral investment projects
that commit to minimum cleanup and human rights standards

– Offer a new hire credit: $500 for new miners hired and retained for at least 3
months

– Offer an employee retention credit: $500 for miners each year that have been
retained as employees for at least one year

Business Policy
Final Presentation

Employment Growth

 Effects:

 Induce new miner hiring within existing industries (estimated 10,000)1

 Create approximately 1,000 to 2,000 new jobs in the rare earth mineral sector2

 Promote fair treatment and continued employment of miners by incentivizing longer-
term work arrangements (at least one year)

1 Calculated based on a similar hiring credit employed in the U.S. (approximately same value/per capita GDP, yielded 2% employment growth)
2 Extrapolating from the Steenkampskraal project, estimated to create 100 jobs, to additional possible investment projects, and job growth due to processing/export business
3 Based on the turnover rate at AngloGold Ashanti in 2011
4,5 Calculated by multiplying credit value by projected job creation

Business Policy
Final Presentation

Investment Growth

 Policy recommendations:

 Adjust royalty policy to bias towards extraction of locally-refined minerals

– Refined mineral rate: 0.5 + [EBIT / (gross sales of mineral resource x 12.5)] x 100

– Unrefined mineral rate: 0.5 + [EBIT / (gross sales of mineral resource x 9)] x 100

– We suggest changing the divisor multiples from 12.5 and 9 to 13.5 and 7

 Adjust royalty collection formula to use EBT as a measure of profitability instead of
EBIT

– EBIT artificially raises the measure of profitability and raises the royalty rate for
those companies which invest in new production (by ignoring interest payments)

Business Policy
Final Presentation

Investment Growth

 Effects:

 Increase prevalence of mineral extraction that favors creation of refinement
and processing jobs

 Improve fairness of royalty collection by eliminating the investment penalty

 Encourage investment by including interest payments in profitability
calculation

1 South African mineral industry, analyst research
2 Based on proxy measurement for firms in the mining sector, calculated by finding average interest expense, determining impact on average royalty rate

Human Rights Policy
Final Presentation

Right to Life and Compensation - Current Challenges

1. Right to Life 2. Right to Compensation
 Unsafe working  The two main existing
conditions  lower statutes complicate the
health and productivity, application process 
increase in death and unrreliable
injury rate (e.g., 277
mining deaths 2008-
2009)

(these challenges  frustrated workers  violence and strikes)

Human Rights Policy
Final Presentation

1. Right to Life

 Background
 Existing Millionaire's Award awards one million fatality-free shifts
 Exchange rate: 1 USD = 8.7 South African Rand
 Goal
 Increase incentive for longer term workplace safety
 Method: Millionaire’s Club (MC)
 Increasing rewards for consecutive achievements
 Publicize the members list
 Award immediate towns $50k for public projects
 Use saved funds for new team, development, and publicity

Human Rights Policy
Final Presentation

2. Right to Compensation

 Background
 ODMWA under DOH; COIDA under DOL
 Goals
 Maximize efficiency and funds
 Minimize waste, overhead, overlap
 Method: Consolidate
 Equalize compensation ranges
 Increase employer contribution for funding

Health Education
Final Presentation

Current Challenges

HIV TB
• Rates of HIV infection among miners • Crowded living conditions
range from 22 to 30%
• Exposure to silica dust
• Low status of women
• Put families at risk
• Low levels of condom use
• Lack of access to basic health and
• Low levels of male circumcision social services

• Multiple sexual relationships • Lack of surveillance and post-
employment follow-up
• High mobility and worker migration

• People living with HIV are 20-30
times more likely to develop TB

Health Education
Final Presentation

Peer Education Program

Who?
• Motivated sex workers and miners

How many?
• A ratio of 1:20

What approaches?
• ICE Approach: Information, Counselling and Education

What are the impacts?
• Reduce mortality, morbidity and health costs

• Set example for future HIV/TB programs

• Generate research hypothesis and values

Health Education
Final Presentation

3 Pillar Strategy

Peer Information Peer Education Peer Counselling

Target Population Disease-free High-risk Diseased

Objectives Awareness, information, Self-esteem, behavior- Coping skills, psycho-
and attitude to change change communication, social support, problem-
and prevention skills solving, and referral to
clinicians for treatment

Confidentiality None Important Essential

Example of activities Material distribution (i.e. Repeated structured Clinic-based counselling
Condom) workshops

Health Education
Final Presentation

Group Assignment

Budget
Final Presentation

Budget

2012-2014 2014-2016 2016-2018 2018-2020 2020-2022

Research and
Development
Research $1.4 billion $1.4 billion $1,4 billion $1.4 billion $1.4 billion

Business Policy
Employment Policy $230 million $230 million $230 million $230 million $230 million
Investment Policy $40 million $40 million $40 million $40 million $40 million

Human Rights
Millionaire’s Club - - - - -
Mining Project Fund

Health Education
Training & Supplies $140 million $120 million $90 million $90 million $80 million
Screening $350 million $275 million $275 million $225 million $200 million
Incentives & other $3 million $3 million $3 million $3 million $3 million

Total Costs: $2.163 billion $2.068 $2.038 $1.9678 $1.953 billion $10.19
billion billion billion Billion

Limitations
Final Presentation

Limitations

 Lack of cross-border referral system for foreign mine workers

 Financial and time constraints:

 Limited capability to address treatment-related issues

 Impact of expanded education system not immediately
observable

Conclusion
Final Presentation

Conclusion

Through Revitalizing Education and Business,
Improving Rights, and Targeting Health,
REBIRTH will be able to promote safety, increase
accountability, spread healthy practices, promote
economic growth and improve the general
condition and caliber of mining.

Thank you!
Final Presentation

Thank you!

Questions?

Appendix: Table of Contents
Final Presentation

Supporting data

A: South African Mineral Resource P: HIV Financial Burden
B: Lifetime of Selected Minerals Q: Condom Use
C. Fatality Data on South African Mines R: Timeline- Pillar 1 Peer Information
D: R & D Expenditures S: Timeline- Pillar 2 Peer Education
E: Number of Students in Mining T: Timeline- Pillar 3 Peer Counseling
F: Facts on Research and Development U: Impact of HIV
G: Safety in Mines (1-2) V: TB Education Curriculum
H: Main Contributors of Fatalities W: HIV Education Curriculum
I: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘00 X: TB-HIB Co-Infection
J: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘09 Y: Recruitment Process
K: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘10 Z: Incentives
L: Mine Safety Achievements AA: Status of Women in South Africa
M: Compensation BB: Male Circumcision
N: Demographics of Miners CC: Silicosis
O: TB Financial Burden DD: Projected Health Education Program Costs
EE: Economic Data
FF: Human Rights Policy Timeline
GG: References (1-3)

Appendix A: South African Mineral Resource
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Major South African mineral resources and production as a percentage of global resources and production.
The commodities are ranked by share of global known mineral resource (Chamber of Mines, 2009).

Appendix B: Lifetime of Selected Minerals
Final Presentation

Supporting data

The lifetime of selected South African mineral resources based on 2008 production figures and
resource estimates (data from Chamber of Mines, 2009).

Appendix C: Fatality Data
Final Presentation

Supporting data

The recent fatality record on South African mines compared to the 2003 summit target rate. (Vogt el
al., 2011)

Appendix D: R & D Expenditures
Final Presentation

Supporting data

South
Parameters Australia Canada Brazil
Africa
Population (million) 48.2 20.5 32.6 19.7
GDP (US$ billion) 255 780 1426 1366
GDP/capita (US$) 10401 31794 33375 10200
R&D spend (US$ billion) 4 11.4 28.1 14
Expenditure on R&D as % of GDP 0.9 1.8 2 1.1
Full-time equivalent (FTE) R&D personnel
377 4053 3922 696
per million inhabitants

Source: World Bank

Appendix E: Number of Students in Mining
Final Presentation

Supporting data

University of the University of
Witwatersrand Pretoria
Undergraduate 360* 210*
Coursework 290 17
Postgraduate
Research 38 6
Postgraduate

*50-60% can graduate with a degree and out of the graduates, 15% remain in the employ of mining
companies as long-term career.

Appendix F: Facts on Research & Development
Final Presentation

Supporting data

• Funding from Mine Health and Safety Council: $8 million in
1996 vs $2 million in 2010
• 500 mining engineers currently with an estimated shortage of
15%
• Number of students need to be trained = 1.5 X number of
engineers required
• It requires 15 years to train a student from undergraduate level
to reach substantive managerial capacity
• Mining researchers: 800 in 1980s versus < 80 now

Appendix G: Safety in Mines (1)
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix G: Safety in Mines (2)
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix H: Main Contributors of Fatalities
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix I: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘00
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix J: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘09
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix K: Mine Health and Safety Council Award ‘10
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix L: Mine Safety Achievements
Final Presentation

Supporting data

8 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Modikwa Platinum Mine
4 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Impala Platinum 1 Shaft and 7A Shaft
2 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Impala Platinum 12# Mine, Marula Platinum
Mine, Karee Platinum Mine, Western Platinum Mine, Grootegeluk Colliery
12 Million FOG Fatality Free Shifts: Rowland Mine
1 Million Fatality Free Shifts: Cullinan Diamond Mine, Assmang
Manganese Mine, Doornkop Gold Mine, Barberton Gold Mines, Tao Tona
Gold Mine, Blyvooruitzicht Gold Mine, Impale Platinum 7, 16, 17, 20 Shafts,
Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine, Bokoni Platinum Mine
12 Thousand Fatality Free Shifts: Tselentis Colliery, Forzando Colliery
North
9 Thousand Fatality Free Shifts: Graspan Colliery
8 Thousand Fatality Free Shifts: Sedibeng Diamonds

Appendix M: Compensation
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix N: Demographics of Miners
Final Presentation

Supporting data

To date, most mine
workers are in between
the ages of 15-48

To date, the average age of
sex workers is 25-30
years old

Appendix O: TB Financial Burden
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Annual Financial Burden of TB

-Annual cost of the TB epidemic in the South African mining sector $886 million
-Annual cost of implementing best- practice interventions $570 million
-Annual savings as a result of implementing best-practice interventions $316 million
-Annual productivity increase from implementing interventions $467 million
Total annual benefit:
$783million

Appendix P: HIV Financial Burden
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Financial Burden (2010 USD)

Total cost (millions) $282

Total annual cost (millions) $14

Mean annual cost per $11,792
HIV-positive employee

Impact of HIV/AIDS on Mining
- 20% of coal miners and 30% of gold miners are HIV+ (these prevalence rates are 16% higher than base
population)
- Total productivity loss of 20%
- Attacks 25-45 year olds who subsidize benefits of retirees
- Savings used to treat illness, reducing retirement of benefits

Appendix Q: Condom use
Final Presentation

Supporting data

 Condom use and relationship characteristics with most recent partner in past 12 months (in 2001)
and individual characteristics (in 1999) by sex, Black South African Transitions sample

Condom Use in 2001 Overall Male Female P-value
% Did not use condom at last sex 40.6% 33.6% 47.1% 0.002

Condom Use Consistency

% Always 42.5% 55.1% 30.9%

% Intermittent 34.9% 26.0% 43.2% <0.001

% Never 22.5% 18.9% 25.9% <0.001

% Somewhat/ Not confident in 54.7% 36.9% 71.1% <0.001
Knowledge of Condom Use
% Believe Using condoms Means 32.7% 32.2% 33.2% <0.803
Not Trusting Partner

Appendix R: Timeline - Pillar 1 Peer Information
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Priority Reform Goals Monitorable Outcomes
Area (Year 1-10)

Provide awareness, Risk reduction, including condom Increased condom-use
information, and distribution
attitude to change
Identify current high risk populations Formation of disease-free, but at risk
clusters
Develop peer health support groups for
both sex workers and miners

Train health workers

Incorporate annual screening into Increase detection rate
workplace

Reduce stigma and discrimination of
people living with and affeced by HIV and Heightened acceptance of peer health
key populations education programs

Appendix S: Timeline - Pillar 2 Peer Education
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Area (Year 2-8)
Provide information Establish supportive environments and Greater sense of wellness and
on self- esteem, promote sense of community within mining connection within community
behavior-change communities and sex workers respectively
communication
and prevention Further reducing vulnerability and
skills expanding choices regarding health Continued increase in condom use,
along with greater awareness to health
options
Create and maintain a new pool of health
educators to ensure sustainability of peer Increased participation of local miners
health education program and sex workers

Appendix T: Timeline - Pillar 3 Peer Counseling
Final Presentation

Supporting data
Human Health Business Timeline &
Rights Education Policy Budget

Area (Year 1-10)
Provide coping Identify diseased individuals and reduce Higher rates of treatment of HIV and
skills, psycho-social personal stigma on illness awareness of health options
support, problem-
solving and referral Alleviate anxiety and stress associated with
to clinicians for
treatment Educate early stages of TB and HIV cases Lower rates of MDR-TB with effective
with treatment options primary intervention

Refer all TB and HIV cases to NGO's for
treatment

Appendix U: Impact of HIV
Final Presentation

Supporting data
Human Health Business Timeline &
Rights Education Policy Budget

Appendix V: TB Education Curriculum
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Part 1
- Identifying what TB, symptoms, and treatment plans
- Transmission of TB
- Prevention of TB Transmission
- STIs and TB, specifically relationship between HIV+ and TB
- How to assess personal risk and formulate behavior change plans;
Part 2
- TB testing facilities and processes
- The rights of infected and affected employees (including rights to confidentiality)
- How to treat a co-worker with TB
- Treatment, care and support for infected employees
- Infection control in the workplace
Part 3
- TB, as part of broad-based wellness programs
- The workplace TB policy and current programs
- Non-discrimination and equality (in terms of benefits etc)
- Referral sources and services

Appendix W: HIV Education Curriculum
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Part 1
- Transmission of HIV
- Prevention of HIV Transmission
- STIs and TB
- How to assess personal risk and formulate behavior change plans;
- Safer sex and condom use
Part 2
- HIV testing facilities and processes
- The rights of infected and affected employees (including rights to confidentiality)
- How to treat a co-worker with HIV/AIDS
- Treatment, care and support for infected employees
- Infection control in the workplace
Part 3
- HIV/AIDS, as part of broad-based wellness programes
- The workplace HIV/AIDS policy and current programes
- Non-discrimination and equality (in terms of benefits etc)
- Referral sources and services

Appendix X: TB- HIV Co-Infection
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Most cases of TB in HIV-Positive patients are not caused by drug-resistant strain of TB (this
means that early detection and prompt treatment with 'first line' antibiotics)

Appendix Y: Recruitment Process
Final Presentation

Supporting data

• Identify selection criteria
o Educational background, experience, commitment, communication skill,
willingness to learn, leadership qualities
• Pre-selection workshop
o Provide general information about programme, information on training
process, roles and responsibilities, and time commitment required
• Written contracts
o With statement on minimum time commitment, roles and responsibilities
o Sign by staff of NGOs, peer educators, and workplace manager
• Establish feedback mechanism
• Determine incentives

Appendix Z: Incentives
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Professional incentives: locally-agreed accreditation system, with
opportunities for increasing involvement and responsibility offered
-e.g. peer educators can develop to become peer trainers

Social incentives: friendship and team building
-e.g. provision of social and recreational opportunities; linkages
established with other similar organizations for experience exchange
(and travel) opportunities.

Appendix AA: The Status of Women in South Africa
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Predicted Probability of not using a condom at last
sex by gender confidence in condom use knowledge

Appendix BB: Male Circumcision
Final Presentation

Supporting data

 44.7% of adult males are circumcised, with significant
regional variation
 Scaling up male circumcision to reach 80% can:
 Avert more than 1.2 million adult HIV infections 16
years
 Yield total net savings of $6.5 billion in 16 years

http://www.malecircumcision.org/programs/documents/South_Africa11209.pdf

Appendix CC: Silicosis
Final Presentation

Supporting data

 The prevalence ranges from 31% in Botswana, 24 to
36% in the Transkei, and 24% in laid-off, older, longer-
service Basotho men.

Appendix DD: Projected Program Costs
Final Presentation

Supporting data

2012-2014 2014-2016 2016-2018 2018-2020 2020-2022

Training Costs $60 million $40 million $20 million $20 million $20 million

Materials $80 million $80 million $70 million $70 million $60 million
Safe Sex
Supplies

Incentives* $1 million $1 million $1 million $1 million $1 million

Screening
HIV $150 million $125 million $125 million $100 million $100 million
TB $200 million $150 million $150 million $125 million $100 million

Misc $2 million $2 million $2 million $2 million $2 million

Total Costs: $493 million $398 million $368 million $318 million $283 million $1.86
Billion

Appendix EE: Economic Data
Final Presentation

Supporting data

Appendix FF: Human Rights Policy
Final Presentation

Timeline
Short term: Y1-2

Medium term: Y3-5

Long term: Y6-10
Action Plan Indicators Indicators
• Amend MA • 25 (1), 10 (1+) • 30 (1), 15 (1+)
policy, publicize
MC [$275k]
Indicators
• # of mines and
mining towns
expressing
interest (90%)

Appendix GG– References
Final Presentation

References

South African National AIDS Council. (April 2011). South Africa: HIV Epidemic, Response and Policy Synthesis
http://www.hst.org.za/sites/default/files/South%20Africa%20national%20synthesis%20report%20rev1%20with%20covers.pdf

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (June 2012) A people-centered investment tool towards ending AIDS. Geneva Switzerland.
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2012/JC2359_investing-for-results_en.pdf

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2012). Meeting the Investments Challenge- Tipping the Dependency Balance. Geneva Switzerland
http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/20120718_investmentchallengesupplement_en.pdf

18Twenty8. (June 2009). The Status of Women in South Africa.
http://www.18twenty8.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=67&Itemid=71

Burgard, S. & Kusunoki Y. (July 2009). Gender and Condom Use among Black South African Young People
http://www.psc.isr.umich.edu/pubs/pdf/rr09-683.pdf

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2009) Standards for HIV peer education programmes. Geneva Switzerland
http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Publications/Health/hiv_peer_education-en.pdf

International Finance Corporation- World Bank Group (2004). HIV/AIDS Guide for the Mining Sector- A resource for developing stakeholder competency and
compliance in mining communities in Southern Africa
http://www-
wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/02/03/000090341_20050203151830/Rendered/PDF/313740hiv0aids0mining0toolkit.pdf

Courtwright, A. (2010). Tuberculosis and Stigmatization: Pathways and Interventions.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882973/

USAID (September 2009). The Potential Cost and Impact of Expanding Male Circumcision in South Africa.
http://www.malecircumcision.org/programs/documents/South_Africa11209.pdf

The World Bank. (June 2010) AIDS & Mining.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTOGMC/0,,contentMDK:20220933~menuPK:509392~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:33693
0~isCURL:Y,00.html

Myer-Rath, G., J. Pienaar, B. Brink, and A. van Zyi. (July 2012) Company-level ART provision to employees is cost saving: a modelled cost-benefit analysis of the
impact of HIV and antiretroviral treatment in a mining workforce in South Africa. United Kingdom
http://pag.aids2012.org/abstracts.aspx?aid=16160

Appendix GG– References (Page 2)
Final Presentation


Stop TB Partnership. A Challenge to a Key Southern African Economic Sector.
http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/news/TBMining2.pdf

Stop TB Partnership. (2009) South Africa Country Profile
http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/about/cb/meetings/17/2.09-12%20South%20Africa/2.09-
12.2%20South%20Africa%20WHO%20Country%20Profile%202009.pdf

Vogt, D., Durrheim, R., McGill, J. (2011) State Intervention in the Mining Industry. CSIR.

Kaplan, D. (2011) South African mining equipment and related services: Growth, constraints and policy. University of Cape Town.

Stacey, T.R., Hadjigeorgiou, J., Potvin, Y. (2009) Technical skills—a major strategic issue. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy.

The World Bank
http://data.worldbank.org

The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) website
http://www.csir.co.za

Chamber of Mines of South Africa
http://www.bullion.org.za/content/?pagename=About&pid=122

Mine Health and Safety Council website
http://www.mhsc.org.za

South African Regional Poverty Network. (2011) Coventry Poverty Papers
http://www.sarpn.org/CountryPovertyPapers/SouthAfrica/taylor/report11.pdf

Millionaire’s Award: http://www.dmr.gov.za/mine-health-a-safety/mhsc-award-scheme.html

COIDA and ODMWA:
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1995466, http://www.anglogold.com/subwebs/informationforinvestors/reporttosociety06/worker-
compensation.htm

MHSC Summit OHS Action Plan. ( 2011) Mine Health & Safety Council “Zero Harm Through Action”
http://option1.mhsc.co.za/images/stories/pledges/OHS-Action-Plan1.pdf
Authorities: Mine Health and Safety Act created the Mine Health and Safety Council and the Mine Health and Safety Inspectorate

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