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Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         Organizational
                                        Economics Theory
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        Describing an Elephant in the Dark
Psychology         Interpersonal
                                                               Behavior

                                           Sociology        Group Behavior


                                         Anthropology        Organizational
                                                                Culture

                                        Political Science   Political & Power
                                                             Relationships
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                           Statistics         Quantitative
                                                             “Mgt. Science”

                                          Economics            Economic
                                                               Analysis
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         Organizational
                                        Economics Theory
People respond to incentives!
                                        (We constantly weigh costs and benefits)




                                                  Costs       Benefits
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        So if the market is free to set prices
                                        based on demand, resources will be
                                        allocated to try to meet that demand.
Jensen & Meckling:   Agency Costs, Managers & Firms

                                          Organization = cluster of contracting
                                          (legal) relationships among individuals.

                                          So, important to understand:
                                          ● legal “property rights”
                                          ● agent status (owner delegates
                                          decision-making authority to agents)
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                             ● monitoring expenses
                                             ● bonding expenses
                                             ● “residual loss” (agent errors)
                                               (what about “residual gain?!”)
Jensen & Meckling:   Agency Costs, Managers & Firms


                                               Managers may not act entirely
                                               in the interests of the owners!
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                              Because managers will usually act
                                              in their own personal best interests,
                                              owners must use incentives and
                                              must monitor the managers.
Williamson:   Transaction Costs


                                        With specialization
                                        (division of labor),
                                        as process/products
                                        move between people,
                                        “transaction costs” are due to:
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        ● time (and delays),
                                        ● monitoring (supervision/record-keeping),
                                        ● imperfect communication (misunderstandings)
Williamson:   Transaction Costs

                                        Sometimes a big
                                        advantage of doing
                                        things “in-house”
                                        within an organization
                                        (not “outsourcing”)
                                        may be lower
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        “transaction costs”
                                         If outsourced: imperfect contracts,
                                         opportunism, conflict resolution hassles,
                                         and communication transaction costs.
Williamson:   Transaction Costs


                                        “… structures that have
                                        better transaction cost
                                        economizing properties
                                        will eventually displace
                                        those that have worse,
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        ceteris paribus. The
                                        cetera, however, are
                                        not always paria.”
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




             and
            Email
            Memos
            Writing
Why write a memo?


                                         Memo: To/From/Date/Subject on paper

                                         Communicate news, policy, discussions

                                         Summarize complex issues/information
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         Paper “of record” as a reference

                                         Saves management time over meetings
Elements of an effective memo


                                         Succinct but informative subject line

                                         Concise (ideally one page max)

                                         Short declarative sentences

                                         Uses active, not passive, voice
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         Uses bullets and/or short paragraphs
                                          (i.e., not a huge mass of gray text)
Types of Memos                               Recommendation


                                           News                                        Options Memo
                                        (Announcement)
                                                                Options
                                                                                          Plus, the
                                               Headline              Issue (&         recommendation
                                           (journalism style)      Importance)

                                               Key lead           Schedule goal
                                              paragraph            for decision      Policy
                                                                 Option A (define,      Clear policy
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                                Details            pros, cons)           statement

                                           For more info,        Option B (define,     Details of the
                                               go to…              pros, cons)          new policy

                                                                 Option C (define,    Justification? &
                                                                   pros, cons)        “for more info”
Other Memo Tips

                                         Order names by        Before sending it,
                                        professional status,   be sure to profread,
                                        then alphabetically.   proofreed, proofread!

                                         Consider using 1.5    Uses attachments if
                                        line spacing.          necessary rather than
                                                               pack the cover memo.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         Use headings for
                                        memo sections (e.g.,  Memos can be cold.
                                        Option A, Option B,  Consider closing with
                                        Recommendation).     a warm touch (thank you
                                                               for your help in this matter).
Paper or electronic?

                                           PAPER:
                                            Some especially important things
                                           carry more “weight” via paper
                                            When people will need to refer to it
                                            When you need a signoff signature
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                           EMAIL:
                                            Increasing used of course
                                            Rapid distribution
                                            Less expensive
Email Tips

                                         Cogent subject line

                                         Maintain correct full names by each email in
                                        your address book.

                                         CC your supervisor selectively to keep up to
                                        date on activities.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         If important, write a reply so it can “stand
                                        alone” and makes sense without prior email.

                                         All memo tips apply, but even more concise!
Responding to Email


                                         If “reply all” check
                                        the CCs to be sure.     If you cannot answer
                                                               soon, (because people
                                         Consider whether     expect instant replies)
                                        every recipient really notify when you will.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        needs to receive it!   (“Sorry, but I’m in
                                                               meetings all day. Will
                                         Be careful what you get back to you early
                                        put in writing!        tomorrow.”)
Some things should never be written!

                                              Do NOT use paper memos or email,
                                              IF the topic involves…
                                         any complaints to a colleague
                                         even the hint of personal criticism
                                         any inter-personal “issues”
                                         humor (especially sarcasm) can easily
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        be misunderstood & look unprofessional
                                         anything you would not want published
                                        verbatim on the front page of The Star!
                                         plots, gossip, criticism of a third party!
Some things should never be written!


                                        Consider “disassociating” yourself from
                                        inappropriate emails by a gentle rebuke
                                        (“I think you’re being awfully hard on
                                        him. We can chat over lunch.”) or a more
                                        explicit request if they do not get the hint.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Using Email or Paper Memos for a
                                         “Paper Trail” of Documentation!

                                        After an important meeting (with
                                        anybody), consider the value of a
                                        “for the record” statement of your
                                        understanding of the conclusion!
                                        Can be helpful to have a record of
                                        an (otherwise unwritten) agreement.
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                           ● Sometimes subtle
                                           (“good to see you. I look forward to…”)
                                           ● Sometimes explicit
                                           (“Just to confirm my understanding…”)
A Little Latin Lesson!

                                        ceteris paribus =
                                                 other things being equal
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
Range of Latin & Roman Empire   (circa 100AD)




                                            [English]


                                                French
                                                             Romanian
                                           Spanish      Italian
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         Portuguese
Common Latin Words & Phrases


                                        LATIN       TRANSLATION

                                        pro         for (favor, support)

                                        pro bono    for public good (not money)

                                        pro rata    for the portion (proportionally)
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        pro forma   for form (formality)

                                        pro         for the time (temporarily)
                                        tempore     e.g., “President pro tempore of the Senate”
Common Latin Words & Phrases

                                        LATIN        TRANSLATION

                                        per          for each

                                        per capita   for each person

                                        per se       for itself; by itself
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        per annum    for each year

                                        per diem     for each day

                                        carpe diem   “seize the day!”
Common Latin Words & Phrases


                                        LATIN                    TRANSLATION

                                        post                     after

                                        p.s.   (post scriptum)   after writing

                                        post partum              after childbirth
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        post mortem              after death (autopsy)

                                        ex post facto            after the fact
Common Latin Phrases



                                        LATIN           TRANSLATION

                                        ex post facto   after the fact

                                        ipso facto      due to that fact

                                        de facto        in fact; in reality
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                        de jure         in law; legally
Common Latin Abbreviations


                                         LATIN         TRANSLATION

                                         etc. (et cetera) and so forth
                                         et al.        and others
                                         e.g.          for example
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                         i.e.          in other words
                                         circa; c.     about; approx.
Common Latin Words & Phrases

                                        LATIN           TRANSLATION

                                                       from the office (so holds
                                        ex officio
                                                       another role automatically)

                                        in absentia    in one's absence

                                        ad hoc         just for this purpose
Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya




                                                       current thing;
                                        status quo
                                                       current state of affairs

                                        quid pro quo thing for a thing; favor for favor

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UM 6 Economics

  • 1. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya Organizational Economics Theory
  • 2. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
  • 3. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya Describing an Elephant in the Dark
  • 4. Psychology Interpersonal Behavior Sociology Group Behavior Anthropology Organizational Culture Political Science Political & Power Relationships Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya Statistics Quantitative “Mgt. Science” Economics Economic Analysis
  • 5. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya Organizational Economics Theory
  • 6. People respond to incentives! (We constantly weigh costs and benefits) Costs Benefits Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya So if the market is free to set prices based on demand, resources will be allocated to try to meet that demand.
  • 7. Jensen & Meckling: Agency Costs, Managers & Firms Organization = cluster of contracting (legal) relationships among individuals. So, important to understand: ● legal “property rights” ● agent status (owner delegates decision-making authority to agents) Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya ● monitoring expenses ● bonding expenses ● “residual loss” (agent errors) (what about “residual gain?!”)
  • 8. Jensen & Meckling: Agency Costs, Managers & Firms Managers may not act entirely in the interests of the owners! Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya Because managers will usually act in their own personal best interests, owners must use incentives and must monitor the managers.
  • 9. Williamson: Transaction Costs With specialization (division of labor), as process/products move between people, “transaction costs” are due to: Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya ● time (and delays), ● monitoring (supervision/record-keeping), ● imperfect communication (misunderstandings)
  • 10. Williamson: Transaction Costs Sometimes a big advantage of doing things “in-house” within an organization (not “outsourcing”) may be lower Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya “transaction costs” If outsourced: imperfect contracts, opportunism, conflict resolution hassles, and communication transaction costs.
  • 11. Williamson: Transaction Costs “… structures that have better transaction cost economizing properties will eventually displace those that have worse, Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya ceteris paribus. The cetera, however, are not always paria.”
  • 12. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya and Email Memos Writing
  • 13. Why write a memo?  Memo: To/From/Date/Subject on paper  Communicate news, policy, discussions  Summarize complex issues/information Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya  Paper “of record” as a reference  Saves management time over meetings
  • 14. Elements of an effective memo  Succinct but informative subject line  Concise (ideally one page max)  Short declarative sentences  Uses active, not passive, voice Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya  Uses bullets and/or short paragraphs (i.e., not a huge mass of gray text)
  • 15. Types of Memos Recommendation News Options Memo (Announcement) Options Plus, the Headline Issue (& recommendation (journalism style) Importance) Key lead Schedule goal paragraph for decision Policy Option A (define, Clear policy Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya Details pros, cons) statement For more info, Option B (define, Details of the go to… pros, cons) new policy Option C (define, Justification? & pros, cons) “for more info”
  • 16. Other Memo Tips  Order names by  Before sending it, professional status, be sure to profread, then alphabetically. proofreed, proofread!  Consider using 1.5  Uses attachments if line spacing. necessary rather than pack the cover memo. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya  Use headings for memo sections (e.g.,  Memos can be cold. Option A, Option B, Consider closing with Recommendation). a warm touch (thank you for your help in this matter).
  • 17. Paper or electronic? PAPER:  Some especially important things carry more “weight” via paper  When people will need to refer to it  When you need a signoff signature Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya EMAIL:  Increasing used of course  Rapid distribution  Less expensive
  • 18. Email Tips  Cogent subject line  Maintain correct full names by each email in your address book.  CC your supervisor selectively to keep up to date on activities. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya  If important, write a reply so it can “stand alone” and makes sense without prior email.  All memo tips apply, but even more concise!
  • 19. Responding to Email  If “reply all” check the CCs to be sure.  If you cannot answer soon, (because people  Consider whether expect instant replies) every recipient really notify when you will. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya needs to receive it! (“Sorry, but I’m in meetings all day. Will  Be careful what you get back to you early put in writing! tomorrow.”)
  • 20. Some things should never be written! Do NOT use paper memos or email, IF the topic involves…  any complaints to a colleague  even the hint of personal criticism  any inter-personal “issues”  humor (especially sarcasm) can easily Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya be misunderstood & look unprofessional  anything you would not want published verbatim on the front page of The Star!  plots, gossip, criticism of a third party!
  • 21. Some things should never be written! Consider “disassociating” yourself from inappropriate emails by a gentle rebuke (“I think you’re being awfully hard on him. We can chat over lunch.”) or a more explicit request if they do not get the hint. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
  • 22. Using Email or Paper Memos for a “Paper Trail” of Documentation! After an important meeting (with anybody), consider the value of a “for the record” statement of your understanding of the conclusion! Can be helpful to have a record of an (otherwise unwritten) agreement. Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya ● Sometimes subtle (“good to see you. I look forward to…”) ● Sometimes explicit (“Just to confirm my understanding…”)
  • 23. A Little Latin Lesson! ceteris paribus = other things being equal Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya
  • 24. Range of Latin & Roman Empire (circa 100AD) [English] French Romanian Spanish Italian Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya Portuguese
  • 25. Common Latin Words & Phrases LATIN TRANSLATION pro for (favor, support) pro bono for public good (not money) pro rata for the portion (proportionally) Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya pro forma for form (formality) pro for the time (temporarily) tempore e.g., “President pro tempore of the Senate”
  • 26. Common Latin Words & Phrases LATIN TRANSLATION per for each per capita for each person per se for itself; by itself Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya per annum for each year per diem for each day carpe diem “seize the day!”
  • 27. Common Latin Words & Phrases LATIN TRANSLATION post after p.s. (post scriptum) after writing post partum after childbirth Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya post mortem after death (autopsy) ex post facto after the fact
  • 28. Common Latin Phrases LATIN TRANSLATION ex post facto after the fact ipso facto due to that fact de facto in fact; in reality Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya de jure in law; legally
  • 29. Common Latin Abbreviations LATIN TRANSLATION etc. (et cetera) and so forth et al. and others e.g. for example Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya i.e. in other words circa; c. about; approx.
  • 30. Common Latin Words & Phrases LATIN TRANSLATION from the office (so holds ex officio another role automatically) in absentia in one's absence ad hoc just for this purpose Bill Adams, FEA, University of Malaya current thing; status quo current state of affairs quid pro quo thing for a thing; favor for favor