Systems approach to tourism studies

1. LEIPER’S MODEL OF TOURISM SYSTEM
501: Tourism Business
SEM -1, STS MGU

2. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF TOURISM
Institutional Approach
Managerial Approach
Geographical Approach
Sociological Approach
Historical Approach
Economic Approach
Interdisciplinary Approach
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH

3. TWO ACADEMIC FIELD OF STUDIES (BUCK 1978)
Business Enterprise Camp
Charting Growth and
Business Profits
Impact & Externalities Camp
Documenting Consequences of tourism
Enterprise in the host Nation
Leipers Model
Reviews previous attempts to define Tourism
Develops a new definitional Framework
Bridges gap between 2 Buck's camps

4. LEIPER'S MODEL
Based on Systems Approach, Neil Leiper
suggested a model in 1979 which was later
updated in 1990.
The three Elements in Leipers Model:
I. The Human Element:
The Tourist
II. The Geographical Element:
The Generating Region
The Destination Region
Travel Enroute
III. The Industrial Element

5. I. THE TOURIST
Focal element of tourism. Has two components"
a dynamic element - the j o u r n e y , and a static
element - the stay" (Burkart & Medlik 1974).
 Second concept defining tourists is that they are
net consumers of economic resources within the
regions visited.
Final concept is that their trips are
circuits,returning to the points of origin.
From the circular pattern of their behaviour it is possible to isolate
the geographical elements fundamental to the system.

6. Departing Tourists
urist Generating Region Transit Route
Returning Tourists
Tourist Destination Region
Push Factors
Pull Factors
The Geograpical
Elements
Spatially, tourism involves three elements.

7. THE GEOGRAPICAL ELEMENTS
I. Tourist generating regions
permanent residential bases of tourists
Has the basic geographical setting, together with the necessary
behavioral factors pertaining to motivation termed as the " p u s h "
factors (Dann 1977)
 The generating region is the location of the basic market of the
tourist industry, the source of potential tourism demand.
II. Transit routes
paths linking tourist generating regions with tourist destination
regions, along with tourists travel. They include stopover points
which might be used for convenience or because of the existence of
attractions.

8. THE GEOGRAPICAL ELEMENTS
III. Tourist destination regions
 Tourist destination regions can be defined as locations which
attract tourists to stay temporarily,
In this context the attraction can be regarded as the anticipation by
the tourist of some qualitative characteristic, lacking in the tourist
generating region, which the tourist wishes to experience
personally collectively known as the “p u l l” factors.
It is also the location of many parts of the tourist business:
accommodation establishments, services, entertainment and
recreational facilities.

9. THE INDUSTRIAL ELEMENTConsists of firms, Organisations and facilities intended to
serve the specific needs and wants of tourists. Is divided
into 6 functional sectors
.
 Marketing: Travel Agencies, Tour operators, promotional
travel writers
and Publishers
Tourist Carriers: Air, rail, sea and road transports
Accommodation: Hotels, motels, homestays, resorts,
guest houses
Attractions – sights, events, activities providing
experiential opportunities
Miscellaneous Tourist Services: duty free soveniour
shops, travel
insurance agents, taxis etc, specialising in tourist market
Tourism Regulations: Associations of firms as a sectoral,
regional, governmental and non governmental bodies
AND Vocational Education Institutions

10. LEIPER'S MODEL–DIAGRAMMATIC
REPRESENTATION
ENVIRONMENTS: PHYSICAL, TECHNOLOGICAL,
SOCIAL,CULTURAL, ECONOMIC, POLICTICAL
Departing Tourists
Tourist Generating Region Transit Route
Returning Tourists
Tourist Destination Region
Ticketing Services
Tour Operators
Travel agents
Marketing & Promotional
Activities
Channels of
Transport and
Communication
Accommodation
Entertainment Industry
Tourist Attraction
Shopping
Tourist Services
Push Factors
Pull Factors

11. APPLICATIONS
Academic: Serves as a reference point for
general and specific studies; for designing
curricula for program of vocational studies
Business: Tourist Industry Management,
marketing planning for identifying spacial
and functional elements.
As a guide for planning and assessing
governmental policies in some areas of
Tourism
Can serve as an analytical basis for creative
policy formation in widely different
situations.