1. The study guide covers 10 chapters on American history from early civilizations like the Aztecs to the early administrations under Washington. 2. Key topics include European exploration and colonization, the development of distinct regional colonies, conflicts with Native Americans, the causes and events of the American Revolution, and the creation of the US governmental system under the Constitution. 3. Challenges in the early decades included developing a national economy, tensions between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans over the scope of federal power, and maintaining neutrality in European conflicts.

1. AP History Exam Study Guide By Will Erickson

2. Chapter 1!

3. Aztecs Great mathematicians, made numerous human sacrifices, and built elaborate cities for lack of simple technology

4. Corn/ Maize Critical to early life Turned nomads into settlers

5. Christopher Columbus Persuaded Spain to give him 3 tiny ships, where he ventured west and ran into Bahamas (was looking for Indies, but found Americas)

6. Columbian Exchange Plants to Old World: Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes Animals to New World: Cows, pigs, and horses Germs to New World: Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria (90% killed by germs) To Caribbean: Sugar Cane

7. Treaty of Tordesillas Divided Americas into 2 for Portugal and Spain

8. Hernan Cortes Entered Tenochititlan amazed by its beauty , later captured it and introduced his culture

9. Chapter 2!

10. Sir Walter Raleigh Created colony in North Carolina

11. Roanoke Island England’s FIRST colony, later vanished

12. 3 Things Needed To Colonize 1: Popular Monarch 2: Religious Unity 3: Nationalism

13. Primogeniture Only eldest sons could inherit land

14. Joint-Stock Company Allowed younger siblings chance for land

15. Surplus Population England was very overcrowded

16. Virginia Company of London Colonized in North America for gold

17. Jamestown Virginia Company of England’s colony Nasty conditions

18. Three D’s 1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability

19. Tobacco/ John Rolfe John Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry

20. House of Burgesses First government in colony

21. Act Of Toleration Protected Catholics from Protestants

22. Barbados Slave Code Reduced risk of slave rebellion

23. Georgia Savannah helped Georgia become 13th colony

24. Chapter 3!

25. John Calvin Leader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts

26. Visible Saints Most devout Christians would only admit Visible Saints

27. Mayflower Compact Agreement signed to hold government Colonies settled in Plymouth Bay without authority

28. Great Migration 70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)

29. Roger Williams Questioned legality of colony’s charter Williams was forced to leave colony Built 1st Baptist Church (Religious Freedom) Built settlements in Rhode Island

30. Fundamental Orders Constitution for Connecticut river colony

31. New Haven New settlement Goal: Grand Seaport

32. New England Confederation 4 colonies founded to defend enemies

33. English Navigation Laws Goal: Make trade more efficient Smuggling= Result

34. Dominion of New England Included NY, East + West NJ Blow to Massachusetts

35. Salutary Neglect Navigation laws- weakly enforced

36. Pennsylvania/ Penn Quakers arise in mid 1600’s William Penn- earns large amount of land (Pennsylvania)

37. Chapter 4!

38. Women/ Chesapeake Settlers faced many diseases Life Expectancy down Immigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)

39. Indentured Servants Tobacco labor up White slaves worked for certain amount of money and time

40. Headright System Whoever paid the passage of a servant acquired 50 acres of land

41. Bacon’s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon fed up with Gov. Berkley Bacon + other men attacked Indians and Berkley Bacon dies (disease) and Berkley returns and murders followers

42. Middle Passage The voyage to Americas from Africa

43. Southern Social Structure Social Structure Ladder… Rich Planters (owned slaves + land) Small farmers (1-2 slaves) Landless whites (Indentured Servants) Black Slaves

44. Salem 20 people killed after being accused of being a witch

45. Yankee Ingenuity Proud national trait of New England

46. Chapter 5!

47. Ethnic Makeup America: Melting Pot Germans: 6% Scots/Irish: 7% Other Euro Countries: .5% Africa: 20% Most mixed in world

48. Social Structure vs. Great Britain America= Opportunity Started to look more like Europe Black slaves- No Rights

49. Workaday America 90% of people- Agriculture Fishing, commerce, manufacturing, lumbering, and naval stores

50. Triangular Trade Trade routes with West Indies, North America, England, and Africa

51. Molasses Act 1733- Reduced trade between America and West Indies

52. Benjamin Franklin Walked 9 days giving word of Declaration of Independence

53. Taverns Social place for all statuses

54. Religion & Location Church of England: Official religion of 6 colonies

55. Great Awakening Religion- Down Jonathan Edwards: Stated the need for complete dependence on God’s grace Three lasting effects # Of Churches: Up Encouraged missionary work among Indians and some slaves 1st spontaneous mass movement of America

56. Schools & Religion New England most interested in education Mostly male leaders were educated Emphasis: Religion and Language

57. John Peter Zenger Reported on government being corrupt, almost jailed Achievement for reporter’s freedom

58. 3 Types Of Colonies Appointed by King Appointed by themselves Themselves under self-governing charters

59. Chapter 6!

60. New France Quebec founded in Canada French gain complete control over New France Valuable resource = beaver French goal- block Spain

61. Result of wars in N.A. England destroyed France and Spain, rewarded land Spanish commander cuts off ENG captain’s ear, sends it to King

62. Ohio Valley England: ventured westward France: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley

63. Congress of Albany Only 7 of 13 delegates (colonies) show up Goal: Greater colonial unity, bolter defense against France

64. Seven Years’ War Fought around world Frederick the Great- Defeated French, Austrian, + Russian armies France- Wasted strength

65. Proclamation of 1763 Prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians Mountains

66. Chapter 7!

67. Mercantilism Wealth- Power Gold- More exported then imported

68. Navigation Laws Aimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America

69. Sugar Act Increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies

70. Quartering Act Required America to supply food and housing to troops

71. Stamp Act Tax on most paper items

72. Stamp Act Congress 27 delegates (9 colonies) going to repeal Stamp Act

73. Declaratory Act Reaffirmed England had right to bind colonies in all cases

74. Townshend Act Small import tax, colonists still enraged

75. Boston Massacre Colonists fired upon by ENG soldiers

76. First Continental Congress 12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances

77. Lexington & Concord England troops kill 8 Americans at Lexington, but cut off in/at Concord ENG + U.S.A officially at war

78. Positives/ Negatives of ENG POSITIVES Population: 3-1 over U.S. NEGATIVES Cockiness 2nd rate generals No desire to kill colonists

79. Positives/Negatives of U.S. POSITIVES G. Washington + Ben. Frank.- Great leaders Fighting for freedom NEGATIVES Soldiers- Disorganized

80. Chapter 8!

81. Olive Branch Petition 1775- Avoided war with England Reaffirmed America’s faith to England

82. Common Sense Thomas Paine Argued for American freedom from England Written so that common people could understand

83. Declaration Of Independence Declared that 13 British colonies were now independent Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson

84. Saratoga Americans won Turning point for U.S.

85. Yorktown American + French forces force English surrender

86. Treaty Of Paris Ended Revolutionary War America gained freedom

87. Chapter 9!

88. VA Statute For Religious Freedom Separated church and state Written by Thomas Jefferson

89. Republican Motherhood The crucial role of women in a free America

90. State Constitutions Created to govern states, writers worked tirelessly

91. Lack of Trading England: Made own goods America couldn’t trade with England or French West Indies

92. Articles of Confederation Written constitution for U.S. States get land Each state= 1 vote

93. Northwest Ordinance Territorial stages, 60,000 people = state Path to Statehood

94. Articles of Confederation +: Form of government, outlined constitution -: No power to regulate commerce, tax collection program

95. Land Ordinance NW land bought- National Debt

96. Ugly Duckling U.S. + ENG: Tension ENG: Kept trading posts in U.S. Spain: Claimed north of Gulf of Mexico + Florida French- Wanted debts payed off

97. Shay’s Rebellion Farmers demanded lighter taxes Daniel Shay raised small army Rebellion crushed

98. Mobocracy Fear of mass public disorder

99. Constitutional Convention Held in Philadelphia Saved by Alexander Hamilton Held in secrecy Each state= 1 vote Meant to agree on Constitution

100. C.C. Delegate Make-Up Most delegates- lawyers 55 Delegates All rich, young, but experienced Goals: Preserve union, ensure security of life

101. Small/Large State Plan “Large State” Plan: Both houses should be based on population “Small State” Plan: Equal representation in population + size

102. Great Compromise Equal representation 2 senators/ state

103. Electoral College Elects the president

104. 3/5th Compromise Slavery citizenship debated 3/5th of a vote per slave

105. “We The People” First words of constitution

106. Anti vs. Federalists Anti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’t Federalists: Influence of- rich-

107. Federalist Papers In favor of Constitution Supported federalists

108. Ratification Process Bitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn 4 final states join

109. Chapter 10!

110. Population/ 25 Years Doubled Cities emerge + grew

111. The Cabinet Not in Constitution Evolved by George Washington Members: Thomas Jefferson (secr. of state), Alexander Hamilton (treasury), and Henry Knox (War)

112. Rural/ Urban Population Rural: 90%

113. Judiciary Act of 1789 Organized Supreme Court Chief Justice- John Jay + 5 Associates

114. Bill Of Rights Protection for freedom of religion, speech, press, bear arms, trial by jury, and prevent cruel punishment

115. Hamilton/ “funding at par” Federal government paid off debt at face value + interest

116. Customs Duties/ Excise Tax How to get/collect money? – Taxes 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)

117. Bank of the U.S. Government- major stockholder + print $ Useful, but constitutional?

118. Strict vs. Loose Constructionism Strict Constructionist: Interpret constitution literally (Thomas Jefferson) Loose Constructionist: Loose and broad interpretation of constitution (Alexander Hamilton)

119. Whiskey Rebellion SW Pennsylvania Tarred + Feathered revenue officers Collections came to a halt 13,000 citizens rally to crush rebellion

120. Reign of Terror French king killed, church attacked Daily hangings French Revolution

121. Neutrality Proclamation U.S. neutral to war in France Self- Interest

122. Fallen Timbers Native Americans defeated, give up land

123. Treaty of Greenville U.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights

124. Jay’s Treaty England: Left posts, paid ship damage America: Paid off Pre-Revolution debts (merchants)

125. Pickney’s Treaty U.S. + Spain America gained Florida and Mississippi

126. XYZ Affair Secret French officials demand $32 million $250,000 just to speak with French foreign minister

127. Convention of 1800 Peace between France + U.S. Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)

128. Alien & Sedition Act Alien Laws- President could deport illegal immigrants, never enforced Sedition Act- Reduced freedom of speech + press, deface law= fine and/or prison

129. Nullification Right to refuse laws No other states agree, 1803 adopted by Supreme Court

130. Federalist vs. Dem-Repubs