1. 1
Welcome to the Webinar
Training courses

2. 2
AGENDAEthernet Webinar Courses
1. Ethernet Intro Part A
2. Ethernet Intro Part B
3. Carrier Ethernet Intro
4. Carrier Ethernet Test
5. New GbE Testers Intro

3. 3
AGENDAEthernet Webinar Courses
1. Ethernet Intro Part A
2. Ethernet Intro Part B
3. Carrier Ethernet Intro
4. Carrier Ethernet Test
5. New GbE Testers Intro

4. 4
Agenda
 Introduction Ethernet
 IEEE 802.3
 ISO/OSI Reference Model
 Layer 1 - The physical layer
 Ports
 Power over Ethernet PoE
 Duplex
 Autonegotiation
 Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer
 Traffic Distribution
 Ethernet Frame IEEE 802.3
 MAC Adress
 Layer 3 - The network layer
 Internet Protocol IP
 IPv4
 IPv6
 Addresstypes
 Layer 4 - The Transport Layer
 UDP
 TCP

5. 5
History of Data Networks
1973 Robert Metcalfe deploys Ethernet (3Mb/s) for the company XEROX
1979 Metcalfe founded 3com (Computers, Communication and Compatibility) and convinced
DEC, Intel and Xerox (DIX Consortium)
1980 Ethernet - DIX v1.0 (10Mb/s)
1982 Ethernet - DIX v2.0
1983 IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet 10Mb/s
1995 IEEE 802.3u - Fast Ethernet 100 Mb/s
1998 IEEE 802.3z - Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Mb/s
2002 IEEE 802.3ae - 10 Gigabit Ethernet

6. 6
IEEE 802.3
 International Association of Electrical Engineering and computer science Engineers
 Since 1963
 Forms committees on standardization of technology, hardware and software
 400000 Members worldwide
 Design standards for Data Transmission within the Project number 802 (deducted from February 1980 )
 The wrokgroup No. 3 is taking care about Ethernet
 Networks can now carry Data due to a common standard
► Transmission standard IEEE 802.3

7. 7
ISO
 due to different applications the type of data carried is varying
 it is very imprtant to standardize the way of communication through the Data Networks
 all stations across the world must be able to communicate to each other
 This will then be the basis for the Internet as well
 all systems must be open and interconnectable
 Therefore the ISO created a model how the interaction can work
 International Standards Organization
ISO / OSI
 The Open System Interconnection Model
 This is comparable with a book containing 7 chapters.
 The 7-Layers-Reference-Model

8. 8
The ISO/OSI 7-Layer Reference Model
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application
Presentation
Session
Tansport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network process to application
Data Representation, encryption and
decryption, convert user dependent data into
machine dependent data
Interhost communication, managing
sessions between applications
End-to-end connections, reliability and
flow control
Path determination and logical addressing
Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission
Ethernet Frame: Transport of IP-
Packets through local networks
Session Packets: To carry the
digital User Data (between the
Applications)
TCP/UDP-Packets: To carry the
Session Packets (between the
Devices)
IP Packet: To carry the TCP-
UDP Packets through different
Networks
Analogue Signal
Digital Signal
Bit stream
User data
User data
User data
layer 2
header
layer 3
header
layer 4
header
layer 2
trailer
User data
layer 5
header

9. 9
The physical Layer: L1
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application
Presentation
Session
Tansport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network process to application
Data Representation, encryption and
decryption, convert user dependent data into
machine dependent data
Interhost communication, managing
sessions between applications
End-to-end connections, reliability and
flow control
Path determination and logical addressing
Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission
User data
User data
User data
layer 2
header
layer 3
header
layer 4
header
layer 2
trailer
Bit stream
Ethernet
HTTP, FTP, HTTPS, SMTP,
LDAP, NCP, SIP, H.323, RTP
TCP, UDP, SCTP, SPX,
ICMP, IGMP, IP, IPX
Softphone, Email…
G.729, G.723, G.711,..

10. 10
Ports
Copper RJ-45
 8 PINs
 Pin assignment (Fast) Ethernet: 1+2 Transmit (Tx)
3+6 Receive (Rx)
 Pin assignment Gigabit Ethernet: all 8 Pins
 Two Port types: MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) 1-2 Tx / 3-6 Rx
MDI-X (crossover) 1-2 Rx / 3-6 Tx
Ethernet Pinout RJ45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
10-Base T Tx+ Tx- Rx+ Rx-
100-Base T Tx+ Tx- Rx+ Rx-
1000-Base T D1+ D1- D2+ D3+ D3- D2- D4+ D4-

11. 11
Ports
Optical - SFP
 Small Form-Factor Pluggable
 Having Tx & Rx two ports with LC Connectors
 Rate from 100Mb/s to 10Gb/s.
 1000 Base SX (850 nm, Multimode)
Multimode SFPs can reach a distance of 500 m. A LED is
enough to couple the light into the broader core of a
Multimode Fiber. They are therefore much cheaper and
only seen in LANs
 1000 Base LX (1310 nm, Singlemode)
Singlemode SFPs can reach a distance up to 40 km. They
are using Laser-Diodes which are required to couple the
light into the thin core of a singlemode Fiber. They are
therefore expensive and mostly used for long distance in
WANs
 Other type of SFPs
1000 Base ZX (1550nm, Singlemode) for up to 70 km.
1000 Base BX10 (1490nm Tx, 1310nm Rx) or Bi-Di SFP
for up to 10Km over a single fiber. SFP+ supports up to
10Gb/s at 850nm MM or 1310nm SM.

12. 12
Ports
Optical - Connectors
 LC: Lucent Connector is the most common optical connector due
to its small form factor. It therefore displaced the SC connector
as the standard in the LAN. MM and SM
 SC: In 2002 the Subscriber Connector diplaced the ST-Connector as
the standard in the LAN. Easier to use as and requires less
space as ST.
 ST: The Straight Tip connector is still very common in the LAN. It is
mainly used in Multimode. Secure connection due to a bajonet
mechnaism.
 FC: Due to its robustness the Fiber Connector is still very common
in WAN. Mainly SM
 E2000: A mechanical Laser Protection flap is automaitcally closing to
protect the Fiber. Mainly used for Singlemode in MAN and WAN
Networks

13. 13
Power over Ethernet PoE
PoE
 Defined by the standard IEEE 802.1af
 Enddevices are feeded via the Data Cable and doesn't need an external power supply anymore
 Typically used for IP-Phones, Cameras and Wireless access points
 Reduction of Installation costs
 Devices are feeded by a PoE-Switch, a PoE Patch Panel or a supsequently installed PoE-Injector
 Typical Values: 48V at a maximum consumption of 15 Watts

14. 14
Power over Ethernet PoE
PoE+ / PoE PLUS
 The standard IEEE 802.1at defines a higher powerconsumption up to 25 Watts.
PoE / PoE+ power range
 Depending on the type of devices there are typical power ranges
 These Ranges are defined by 5 PoE-Classes as follows
Class Available Power in Watt
0 0.44–12.96
1 0.44–3.84
2 3.84–6.49
3 6.49–12.95
4 (Poe+) 12.95-25.50 (only 802.3at)

15. 15
Port Properties
Halfduplex HD
 The port can only work unidirectional at a time meaning either transmit data (Tx) or receive data (RX)
 The port never can send and receive Data at the same time
 A typical Halfduplex device is a Hub.
 A typical Example for halfduplex: Phonecall - one person is listening while the other person is talking
Fullduplex FD
 Ports are working bidirectional
 Rx and Tx can be done simultaneusly
 Typical Fullduplexdevice: Switch
 Example:Videoconferencing - your picture is transmitted while you are receiving the picture of others
.

16. 16
Port Properties
Halfduplex Halfduplex

Halfduplex Fullduplex
Fullduplex Fullduplex
CollisionCollision
Correct Transmission
Correct Transmission
 Errors and Collisions
Loss of Data

17. 17
Port Properties
Autonegotiation / Autoneg
 Is taking place after the link establishment
 A handshake to determine the best way of transmission between two Interfaces
 Automoatic detection if Transmission can be done on Fullduplex or must be done on Halfduplex
 It follows the simple Principle: Question A: Can you work on fullduplex
Answer B: Yes, I can
Commitment: OK, let's then do fullduplex
 It is absolutely necessary, that both interfaces have enabled Autoneg!
.
Fullduplex Fullduplex
Autoneg ONAutoneg ON Can you do Fullduplex?
Yes, I can

18. 18
Port Properties
Autonegotiation / Autoneg
 Missing Autoneg Configurations will cause Network errors
 Both stations need to set to Autoneg ON
 Otherwise the questioning Interface is going back to halfduplex once the answer is missing
 It follows a the simple Priciple: Question A: Can you work on fullduplex
Answer B: No Answer due to Autoneg is set to OFF
Interface A: is going to Halfduplex while B is set to 100 Mb/s - FD!
 Gigbabit is always on Fullduplex!
.
Halfduplex Fullduplex
Autoneg OFF
Fixed to 100 Mb/s - FD
Autoneg ON Can you do Fullduplex?
No Answer
CollisionCollision

19. 19
Port Properties
Tester Switch
Auto Auto
1000 FD Auto
1000 FD 1000 FD
100 FD 1000 FD
100 FD Auto
Auto 100 FD
100 FD 100 FD
100 HD Auto
10 HD Auto
10 HD 100 HD
Auto 100 HD
Auto 10 HD
ResultTester ResultSwitch
1000 FD 1000 FD
1000 FD 1000 FD
1000 FD 1000 FD
no link no link
100 FD 100 FD
100 HD 100 FD
100 FD 100 FD
100 HD 100 HD
10 HD 10 HD
no link no link
100 HD 100 HD
10 HD 10 HD
Practice Autoneg

20. 20
Summary
 We have choosen now the right cable
 We decided to choose the right connector
 We decided if we need PoE or not
 We configured our Ports correctly.
 due to a working Autoneg Scenario the Link is now established without any issue
► Let's start to transmit Data

21. 21
The Data Link Layer: L2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application
Presentation
Session
Tansport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network process to application
Data Representation, encryption and
decryption, convert user dependent data into
machine dependent data
Interhost communication, managing
sessions between applications
End-to-end connections, reliability and
flow control
Path determination and logical addressing
Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission
User data
User data
User data
layer 2
header
layer 3
header
layer 4
header
layer 2
trailer
Bit stream
HTTP, FTP, HTTPS, SMTP,
LDAP, NCP, SIP, H.323, RTP
TCP, UDP, SCTP, SPX,
ICMP, IGMP, IP, IPX
Softphone, Email…
G.729, G.723, G.711,..
The Core element of a Layer 2 - Network: Switch
Ethernet Frame: Transport of IP-
Packets through local networks

22. 22
Traffic Distribution
HUB
Node B
Node D
Node C
Node A
How can we send Data from A to Station B in that Local Area Network (LAN) ?
 A Hub can help here as it is spreading the traffic into every span
 Disadvantage: Every network element will receive the Traffic which is causing a high load in the LAN
 Hubs can only work in Halfduplex mode and are internally causing network errors and collisions
CollisionsCollisions

23. 23
Traffic Distribution
SWITCH
Node B
Node D
Node C
Node A
How can we send Data from A to Station B in that Local Area Network (LAN) ?
 A Switch is the perfect solution
 Advantage: Only the target element will receive the Traffic - the network load is drastically reduced
 A switch is a Fullduplexdevice - no errors or collisions anymore
 Addressing is required

24. 24
Traffic Distribution
 As we heard now that addressing is required this is the first time where we have to think about the
structrue of our Data
 Somebody did that already for us: IEEE
 Within their Transmission standard they defined how the Data Structure must look like.
 They created a model and gave it the simple name: Frame
► IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Frame

25. 25
Ethernet Frame (IEEE 802.3)
The principal design of the Ethernet Frame
Data Structure: Thousands of alligned Bits
7 bytes 4 bytes
Preamble SFD FCSDestination Source DATA
Length /
type
1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 46 - 1500 bytes
Definitions of frame size
 Smallest Ethernet Frame: 64 Byte
 biggest Ethernet Frame: 1518 Bytes
 Special Form: VLAN Frame 1522 bytes
 Special Form VLAN (Q-in-Q) Frame: 1526 Bytes
 Jumboframes up to 10000 Bytes
Frame size

26. 26
Ethernet Frame (IEEE 802.3)
Data Structure: Thousands of alligned Bits
7 bytes 4 bytes
Preamble SFD FCSDestination Source DATA
Length /
type
1 byte 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 46 - 1500 bytes
Preamble: required to get every single packet synchronized
SFD: Start Frame Delimiter indicates the beginning of the relevant data
Destination: Contains the Destination Address (MAC)
Source: Contains the source Address (MAC)
Lenght: Indicates the Lenght of the Ethernet Frame
Type: Indicates the type of packets which are coming from higher Layers
DATA: Contains the User Data / Packets of the higher Layers
FCS: Frame Check Sequency determines incorrect transmission due to faults

27. 27
MAC Address
 Every Device is having a unique Hardware-Address
 Every Medium can then be accessed in a controlled way
 It is therefore called Media Access Control MAC
 It's hexadecimal and looks like that: 00:16:06:88:01:6F
 The first part is the Vendor Code
 00:16:06:xx:xx:xx = Ideal Industries
Due to the MAC Addresses the Switches are now
able to determine where the Frame needs to got to within
the local network

28. 28
MAC Address
Ethernet Frames are on Layer 2 and can therefore only be transmitted
locally. They can not be transmitted in foreign networks!!
Sender
Anwendung / Prüfmuster
IP - Layer 3
Ethernet - Layer 2
Physikal. - Layer 1
IP - Layer 3
L 2
L1
Router
L 2
L 1L 1 L 1
Ethernet - Layer 2
SwitchL3
L3L2 L3L2 L3L2
LAN WAN
Layer 3
Layer 2

29. 29
Summary
Layer1
We have choosen now the right cable
 We decided to choose the right connector
 We decided if we need PoE or not
 We configured our Ports correctly.
 due to a working Autoneg Scenario the Link is now established without any issue
Layer 2
The data structure is framed by IEEE 802.3 can can be trasmitted locally
► What's to do if we need to leave the local network (Internet)?

30. 30
The Network Layer: L3
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application
Presentation
Session
Tansport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network process to application
Data Representation, encryption and
decryption, convert user dependent data into
machine dependent data
Interhost communication, managing
sessions between applications
End-to-end connections, reliability and
flow control
Path determination and logical addressing
Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission
User data
User data
User data
layer 2
header
layer 3
header
layer 4
header
layer 2
trailer
Bit stream
HTTP, FTP, HTTPS, SMTP,
LDAP, NCP, SIP, H.323, RTP
TCP, UDP, SCTP, SPX,
Softphone, Email…
G.729, G.723, G.711,..
The Core element of a Layer 3 - Network: Router
Ethernet Frame: Transport of IP-
Packets through local networks
IP Packet: To carry the TCP-
UDP Packets through different
Networks

31. 31
7 b y t e s 4 b y t e s
P r e a m b l e S F D F C SD e s t i n a t i o n S o u r c e D A T A
L e n g t h /
t y p e
1 b y t e 6 b y t e s 6 b y t e s 2 b y t e s 4 6 - 1 5 0 0 b y t e s
E t h e r n e t F r a m e
IP
Header
TCP, UDP, ICMP
Daten
L3: Intenet Protocol IP
 As Ethernet Frames are not transmitted by Routers another Packet Type is used in Layer 3
 IP Packet
 The IP Packed is embedded within a Ethernet Frame
 The IP header contains a new Address format
IP-Packet
Ethernet Frame

32. 32
 Since the early 80s the Internet Protocol has already been defined in its fourth Version
► IPv4
 The plan was, that every device should have it's unique IP-Address that the devices can
communicate worldwide
 32 bit are reserved in the header for an IPv4 Address, meaning 4.294.967.296 Addresses
are available
 In the Local Networks there is no need of unique addresses. e.g. we can use 192.168.1.1 in
Chigaco locally as well as locally in London as long as those networks are not linked to each
other.
 Two Adress types are therefore defined: Private IP Addresses
Public IP Addresses
L3: Internet Protocol version 4 - IPv4

33. 33
 Format: four blocks written in decimal: e.g. 192.168.0.1
 Written in binary numbers: 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000001
 Private IPs can not be routed through the internet. They can only be used locally
 Public IPs are basically the remaining ones e.g. 212.67.56.187
 the Public IPs are owned by the service providers.
 Every user gets one Public IP Adress assigned with the contract.
Addressrange Number of hosts Netclass
10.0.0.0–10.255.255.255 224
= 16.777.216 Class A: 1 private Network
172.16.0.0–172.31.255.255 220
= 1.048.576 Class B: 16 private Networks
192.168.0.0–192.168.255.255 216
= 65.536 Class C: 256 private Networks
L3: Internet Protocol version 4 - IPv4

34. 34
IP Packets are routed on Layer 3
Since the traffic is now routed on Layer 3 the communication can work worldwide
Sender
Anwendung / Prüfmuster
IP - Layer 3
Ethernet - Layer 2
Physikal. - Layer 1
IP - Layer 3
L 2
L1
Router
L 2
L 1L 1 L 1
Ethernet - Layer 2
SwitchL3
L3L2 L3L2 L3L2
LAN WAN
Layer 3
Layer 2
L3
L3L2
L3: Internet Protocol version 4 - IPv4

35. 35
L3: Internet Protocol version 4 - IPv4
LAN WAN
DSL Modem
WLAN-Router
Network Address translation
NAT
WAN Port
1 Public
IP AddressLAN Port
Copper and WiFi
multiple Private
IP Addresses

36. 36
 Since the early 90s it turned out that the reccources of IPv4 addresses are coming to its end
► IPv6
 128 bit are reserved in the header for an IPv6 Address, meaning 3,4 × 1038
Addresses are
available. 3,400,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
 every device can now get a unique IP Address which is written hexadecimal
 Example 2001:0db8:0000:08d3:0000:8a2e:0070:7344
 If one block consists of purely zeros then it can be replaced by a single zero:
2001:db8:0:8d3:0:8a2e:70:7344 is therefore the same address as mentioned above
 If there are continous blocks of zeroes, they can be left out completely:
2001:0db8:0:0:0:0:1428:57ab is the same as 2001:db8::1428:57ab
L3: Internet Protocol version 6 - IPv6

37. 37LAN WAN
DSL Modem
WLAN-Router
Faster due to a lower latency as NAT is not required anymore
L3: Internet Protocol version 6 - IPv6

38. 38
Summary
Layer1
We have choosen now the right cable
 We decided to choose the right connector
 We decided if we need PoE or not
 We configured our Ports correctly.
 due to a working Autoneg Scenario the Link is now established without any issue
Layer 2
The data structure is framed by IEEE 802.3 can can be trasmitted locally
Layer 3
Within the Ethernet frame there are now IP Packets why we now can leave the local network because IP
Packets can be routed between different networks
. ► What if some packets are lost during the transmission. Does it make sense to retransmit them?

39. 39
The Transport Layer: L4
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application
Presentation
Session
Tansport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network process to application
Data Representation, encryption and
decryption, convert user dependent data into
machine dependent data
Interhost communication, managing
sessions between applications
End-to-end connections, reliability and
flow control
Path determination and logical addressing
Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission
User data
User data
User data
layer 2
header
layer 3
header
layer 4
header
layer 2
trailer
Bit stream
HTTP, FTP, HTTPS, SMTP,
LDAP, NCP, SIP, H.323, RTP
TCP, UDP, SCTP, SPX,
ICMP, IGMP, IP, IPX
Softphone, Email…
G.729, G.723, G.711,..
Ethernet Frame: Transport of IP-
Packets through local networks

40. 40
L4: Transport
 The Transport layer is basically to ensure that everything is transmitted completely
 But Some applications are allowing to loose some data
Realtime Applications such as Video or VoIP
 lost data doesn't need to be delivered subsequently.
 E.g. Video streaming. When you see a pixel error then it doesn't make sense to deliver the missing
information later on. We don't need it to understand the core message.
Data Transfer
 Missing informations are making the files looking like corrupted. The Data is not usable anymore
 Lost informations must be delivered subsequently
 E.g. backup of a laptop: such files are containig very important informations to recover the system.
If the file is not complete then the restore cannot be done.

41. 41
L4: Transport
 The protocols of the Transport layer are furthermore responsible that the arrived data is directed to
the right application
 The Transport Packets are therefore using Addresses again. No address to find a station (Like IP
or MAC).
 These addresses are now used to find the right applications within the device.
 These addresses are now called Ports

42. 42
L4: UDP
 When Realtime Transmission doesn't
require and end-to-end error correction,
then
 The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is
only addressing the data to the application
 UDP doesn't do an end-to-end error
correction
 UDP is the Transport Protocol for
Realtime Transmission
 UDP could be used for: Video, IPTV,
CCTV, VoIP
Bit stream
User data
User data
User data
layer 2
header
layer 3
header
layer 4
header
layer 2
trailer
Ethernet Frame: Transport of IP-
Packets through local networks
RTP: Realtime Transport
Porotocol (between the
Applications)
UDP-Packets To carry the
Session Packets (between the
Devices) No Error Correction
IP Packet: To carry the UDP
Packets through different
Networks
Analogue Speech
Digital Speech Signal
User data
layer 5
header
Example VoIP Call

43. 43
L4: TCP
 For DATA Tranmission an end-to-end error
correction is essential.
 The Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) is detecting if some informations are
missing.
 Every single Packet gets its own number
(TCP Sequence Number) from the Sender.
 A missing number can then be dected via
TCP at the destination device
 The destination is chasing the sender to
retransmit the missing packet.
 PCs are basically transmitting DATA and
therefore using TCP
 That's why most users are talking from
TCP/IP (TCP over IP)
User data
User data
User data
layer 2
header
layer 3
header
layer 4
header
layer 2
trailer
Bit stream
Ethernet Frame: Transport of IP-
Packets through local networks
SMTP: Simple Mesage Transfer
Protocol (between the
Applications)
TCP-Packets To carry the
Session Packets (between the
Devices) With Error Correction
IP Packet: To carry the UDP
Packets through different
Networks
Typing email on a keyboard
Convert into digital
User data
layer 5
header
Example Email

44. 44
Summary
Layer1
 We have choosen now the right cable
 We decided to choose the right connector
 We decided if we need PoE or not
 We configured our Ports correctly.
 due to a working Autoneg Scenario the Link is now established without any issue
Layer 2
The data structure is framed by IEEE 802.3 can be trasmitted locally
Layer 3
Within the Ethernet frame there are now IP Packets why we now can leave the local network because IP
Packets can be routed between different networks
Layer 4
The assurance of end to end connection and flow control of specific application is made via sessions.

45. 45
The ISO/OSI 7-Layer Reference Model
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Application
Presentation
Session
Tansport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Network process to application
Data Representation, encryption and
decryption, convert user dependent data into
machine dependent data
Interhost communication, managing
sessions between applications
End-to-end connections, reliability and
flow control
Path determination and logical addressing
Physical addressing
Media, signal and binary transmission
Ethernet Frame: Transport of IP-
Packets through local networks
Session Packets: To carry the
digital User Data (between the
Applications)
TCP/UDP-Packets: To carry the
Session Packets (between the
Devices)
IP Packet: To carry the TCP-
UDP Packets through different
Networks
Analogue Signal
Digital Signal
Bit stream
User data
layer 3
header
User datalayer 2
header
layer 2
trailer
User data
layer 5
header
User data
layer 4
header

46. 46
Questions and
Answers

47. 47
Thanks for attending
Ethernet series webinar
training courses
Module I
Ethernet Introduction
Part A