Integumentary System

Integumentary System
“W h e n a l l t h e f ie l d s a r o u n d l a y
b o u n d a n d h o a r , B e n e a t h a t h ic k
in t e g u me n t o f s n o w.”
Henry David Thoreau
(1877-1862), US Author


Florida State College of Jacksonville
Professor: Michael L.Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L

Function
The skin provides a protective two-way barrier between our
internal environment and the outside world. It also plays an
important role in temperature regulation, houses sensory
receptors to detect the environment around us and
secretes important fluids

organs
 Skin
 Hair
 Nail
 Sebaceous glands
 Sweat glands

anatomy and physiology
o Cutaneous membrane
o Hair
o Integument
o Integumentary system
o Nails
o Pathogens
o Sebaceous gland
o Sensory receptors
o Skin
o Sweat glands

Multimedia Directory
Slide 38Skin Anatomy Exercise
Slide 77Decubitus Ulcers Video
Slide 78 Eczema Video
Slide 83Skin Cancer Video

Integumentary Combining Forms
o albin/o white o diaphor/o profuse
o bi/o life sweating
o cry/o cold o electr/o electricity
o cutane/o skin o erythr/o red
o cyan/o blue o hidr/o sweat
o derm/o skin o ichthy/o scaly, dry
o dermat/o skin o kerat/o hard,
horny

Integumentary Combining Forms
o leuk/o white o py/o pus
o lip/o fat o rhytid/o wrinkle
o melan/o black o scler/o hard
o myc/o fungus o seb/o oil
o necr/o death
o trich/o hair
o onych/o nail
o ungu/o nail
o pil/o hair
o phot/o light
o vesic/o bladder
o xer/o dry

Integumentary System Suffixes
o –derma skin
o –opsy view
o –tome instrument to use to cut

Integumentary System Prefixes
o allo – other, different from usual
o xeno– strange, foreign

Anatomy and Physiology
organs
o Skin
o Accessory organs
n Sweat glands
n Sebaceous glands
n Hair
n Nails

Anatomy and Physiology
skin
o Largest organ in body
o Weighs more than
20 pounds (in adult)
o Skin also called:
n Integument
n Cutaneous membrane

Functions
skin
o Protection
o House nerve receptors
o Secrete fluids
o Regulate temperature

Protection
skin
o Primary function
o Forms 2-way barrier
n Keeps out pathogens and harmful substances
n Prevents critical body fluids from escaping
o Protects underlying tissues

Sensory Receptors
skin
o Located within middle layer of skin
o Detect:
n Temperature
n Pain
n Touch
n Pressure
o Nerve endings convey messages to brain and
spinal cord

Fluids Produced
skin
o Sweat glands:
n Assist body in maintaining internal temperature
n Create cooling effect when sweat evaporates
o Sebaceous glands:
n Oil glands
n Produce sebum
n Lubricates the skin surface

Temperature Regulation
skin
o To conserve heat
o To cool skin: n Constrict superficial
n Sweat evaporation blood vessels to keep
n Dilate superficial blood warm blood away from
vessels to release heat surface
n Continuous fat layer
acts as insulation

The Skin
anatomy
o Three layers
n Epidermis – thin,
outer membrane layer
n Dermis – middle,
fibrous connective
tissue layer
n Subcutaneous layer
– innermost layer of
fatty tissue

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.

Epidermis
skin
o Composed of …..
stratified squamous epithelium
n Flat scale-like cells
n Arranged in overlapping layers called strata
o Has no blood supply or connective tissue
n Depends on deeper layers of skin for nourishment
o Basal layer the deepest layer of the Epidermis

Basal Layer of Epidermis
skin
o Cells continuously grow o Melanocytes
and push old cells
toward surface
 Special cells of basal
layer
o During this process
 Cells shrink, die, and fill
 Produce black pigment
with hard protein called melanin
keratin  Gives skin color
o Keratinized cells allow  Protects against
skin to act as barrier to ultraviolet rays of sun
infection

Figure 3.2 – Photomicrograph of the epidermis layer of the skin.

Dermis
skin
o Also called corium
o Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer
o Name means “true skin”
o Is living tissue with very good blood supply

Dermis
skin
o Composed of:
n Connective tissue and collagen fibers
n Strong fibrous proteins give dermis flexible strength
o Houses:
n Hair follicles
n Lymph vessels
n Sweat glands
n Sensory receptors
n Sebaceous glands
n Nerve fibers
n Blood vessels
n Muscle fibers

Subcutaneous Layer
skin
o Also called hypodermis
o Third and deepest layer
o Composed of fat cells called lipocytes
o Protects the deeper tissues of body
o Acts as insulation for heat and cold

Accessory Organs
o Located within dermis
o Include:
n Hair
n Nails
n Sweat glands
n Sebaceous glands

Hair
o Hair follicle
o Hair root
o Hair shaft
o Arrector pili muscle

Hair
o Grows longer from the root
n Deep cells of hair root force older cells to move upward
n This forms hair shaft
n Grows towards surface within hair follicle
o Melanin gives hair its color
o Arrector pili
n Slip of smooth muscle
n Causes hairs to “stand up”

Figure 3.3 – Structure of a hair and its associated sebaceous gland.

Nails
o Nail body
n Flat plate of keratin
o Nail bed
n Connects nail body to
underlying tissue
o Lunula
n Half-moon white area at
base of nail

Nails
o Grow longer from nail root
o Cuticle
n Soft tissue that covers nail root
o Free edge
n Exposed edge

Figure 3.4 – External and internal structures of nails.

Sebaceous Glands
o Open into hair follicles
o Secrete the oil = sebum
n Lubricates hair and skin
n Prevents drying and
cracking

Sweat Glands
o Also called sudoriferous glands
o Coiled gland in dermis
o Sweat travels to surface in sweat duct
o Sweat pore – surface opening

Figure 3.1 – Skin structure, including the three layers of the skin and the accessory organs: sweat gland, sebaceous
glands, and hair.

Sweat Glands
o 2 million throughout body
o Sweat or perspiration
n Cools body as evaporates
n Contains small amount of waste product
n Normal colorless and odorless
o Apocrine glands
n Found in pubic and underarm areas
n Thicker sweat that can produce an odor

Skin Anatomy Exercise

Click here to view an interactive exercise on skin anatomy.

Back to Directory

Word Building with
cutane/o & derm/o

sub– –ous subcutaneous pertaining to under skin

epi– –al epidermal pertaining to upon skin

hypo– –ic hypodermic pertaining to under skin

intra– –al intradermal pertaining to within skin

Word Building with
dermat/o
–itis dermatitis inflammation of skin

–logist dermatologist skin specialist

–osis dermatosis abnormal skin condition

–pathy dermatopathy skin disease

–plasty dermatoplasty surgical repair of skin

Word Building with hidr/o and lip/o

an– –osis anhidrosis abnormal condition of no sweat

hyper– –osis hyperhidrosis abnormal condition of excessive sweat

–ectomy lipectomy surgical removal of fat

–oma lipoma fat tumor/growth

Word Building with
melan/o & necr/o
–oma melanoma black tumor

–cyte melanocyte black cell

–osis necrosis abnormal condition of death

Word Building with
onych/o and py/o
–ectomy onychectomy surgical removal of nail

–malacia onychomalacia nail softening

myc/o –osis onychomycosis abnormal condition of nail fungus

–phagia onychophagia nail eating (nail biting)

–genic pyogenic pus producing

Word Building with
rhytid/o and seb/o

–ectomy rhytidectomy surgical removal of wrinkles

–plasty rhytidoplasty surgical repair of wrinkles

–rrhea seborrhea oil discharge

Word Building with
trich/o and ungu/o

myc/o -osis trichomycosis abnormal condition of hair fungus

–al ungual pertaining to nail

Word Building with
–derma

erythr/o erythroderma red skin

ichthy/o ichthyoderma Scaly, dry skin

leuk/o leukoderma white skin

py/o pyoderma pus skin

scler/o scleroderma hard skin

xer/o xeroderma dry skin

Integumentary Vocabulary
abrasion friction scraping away skin surface

cicatrix normal scar

comedo hardened sebum in hair follicle; blackhead

contusion injury caused by a blow; causes swelling, pain, and bruising

cyanosis bluish tint to skin caused by deoxygenated blood

depigmentation loss of normal skin color

Figure 3.5 – A cyanotic infant. Note the bluish tinge to the skin around the lips, chin, and
nose. (St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London/Photo Researchers, Inc.)

diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions;
dermatology (Derm, derm)
physician is a dermatologist

diaphoresis profuse sweating

blood collecting under skin following blunt trauma;
ecchymosis
a bruise

erythema red flushing of skin

thick layer of dead tissue develops over a deep
eschar
burn area

hirsutism excessive hair growth

Figure 3.6A – Male lying supine with large ecchymosis on lateral rib cage and
shoulder.



hyperemia redness of skin due to increased blood flow

hyperpigmentation abnormal amount of pigmentation

keloid thick hypertrophic scar

condition of excessive growth and thickening of epidermis
keratosis
layer

lesion general term for injury or abnormality

pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or mole; usually
nevus
benign

Figure 3.7 – Keloids, hypertrophic scarring on the back.
(Martin Rotker/ Phototake NYC)


pallor abnormal paleness of skin

petechiae spots from minute hemorrhages under skin

photosensitivity skin reacts abnormally to light

plastic surgery repair, reconstruction, or improvement of body structures

pruritus severe itching

purpura skin hemorrhage due to fragile blood vessels

Figure 3.6B – Petechiae, pinpoint skin hemorrhages.


Figure 3.6C – Purpura, hemorrhaging into the skin due to fragile blood vessels.



infection producing pus; dead bacteria, white
purulent
blood cells, and tissue debris

congenital collection of dilated blood vessels;
strawberry hemangioma
birthmark

suppurative containing or producing pus

Urticaria hives; eruption of wheals with severe itching

Verruca warts; benign growth caused by virus

Figure 3.8 – Strawberry hemangioma, a birthmark caused by a collection of blood
vessels in the skin. (H.C. Robinson/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,
Inc.)


Pathology – Surface Lesions

cyst fluid-filled sac under skin

fissure cracklike lesion on skin

laceration torn or jagged wound

macule flat, discolored spot on skin

nodule firm, solid mass larger than 0.5 cm

B

Figure 3.9 A) Cutaway view and B) photograph of a cyst. (Bart's Medical Library/Phototake
NYC)


D
Figure 3.9 C) Cutaway view and D) photograph of a fissure. (Phototake NYC)


Figure 3.9 E) Cutaway view and F) photograph of a macule. (Phototake NYC) F


H
Figure 3.9 G) Cutaway view and H) photograph of a nodule. (Phototake NYC)


Pathology – Surface Lesions

papule small, solid raised spot smaller than 0.5 cm

pustule raised spot on skin containing pus

ulcer open sore in skin

vesicle small, fluid-filled, raised spot; blister

wheal small, round, swollen area; typical of allergic skin reaction

J
Figure 3.9 I) Cutaway view and J) photograph of a papule. (ISM/Phototake NYC)

L
Figure 3.9 K) Cutaway view and L) photograph of a pustule. (P.Marazzi/Science Photo
Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.)


N
Figure 3.9 M) Cutaway view and N) photograph of an ulcer.
(Dr. P.Marazzi/Photo Researchers, Inc.)


Figure 3.9 O) Cutaway view and P) photograph of a vesicle. (ISM/Phototake NYC) P


R
Figure 3.9 Q) Cutaway view and R) photograph of a wheal.
(Charles Stewart MD FACEP, FAAEM)


Pathology of the Skin
abscess collection of pus in skin

inflammation of sebaceous glands and hair follicles with
acne
papules and pustules

chronic form of adult acne with redness and tiny pimples,
acne rosacea
primarily on nose

common form of teenage acne with comedo, papules, and
acne vulgaris
pustules

genetic condition; unable to make melanin; white hair and
albinism
skin, and red eyes

cancerous tumor in basal cell layer; common cancer; rarely
basal cell carcinoma
metastasizes

skin damage caused by fire, electricity, ultraviolet light, or caustic
burn chemicals; percentage of skin burned is estimated by Rule of
Nines

Figure 3.10 – Basal cell carcinoma. A frequent type of skin cancer that rarely metastasizes.
(ISM/Phototake NYC)


Figure 3.12 – Rule of Nines. A method for determining percentage of body burned. Each
differently colored section represents 9% of the body surface.


First Degree Burn

First degree burn skin reddened and painful; no blisters; damage to epidermis

Second Degree Burn

skin reddened and painful with blisters; damage to epidermis and
Second degree burn
dermis

Third Degree Burn

skin charred; epidermis and dermis burned away; subcutaneous
Third degree burn
layer exposed


cellulitis diffuse acute infection of connective tissue of skin

decubitus ulcer open sore caused by pressure over bony prominences; caused by
(decub) loss of blood flow to skin

late stages of gangrene; affected area becomes dried, blackened,
dry gangrene
and shriveled

eczema superficial dermatitis; redness, vesicles, itching, and crusting

Decubitus Ulcer Video

Click here to view a video on decubitus ulcers.

Eczema Video

Click here to view a video on eczema.


gangrene tissue necrosis due to loss of blood flow

ichthyosis skin becomes dry, scaly, & keratinized

highly infections bacterial infection with pustules that rupture
impetigo
and crust over

Kaposi’s sarcoma skin cancer seen in AIDS patients; brownish-purple lesions

Figure 3.13 – Impetigo, a highly contagious bacterial infection. Note the extensive crusting
around the eye.
(Bart's Medical Library/Phototake NYC)



dangerous form of cancer; begins in
malignant melanoma (MM)
melanocytes; quickly metastasizes

Pediculosis lice infestation

Psoriasis chronic inflammatory condition with
papules forming “silvery scale” patches

rubella contagious viral infection; German measles

scabies mite infestation

Figure 3.14 – Malignant melanoma. This tumor demonstrates the highly characteristic color of this
tumor. (ISM/Phototake NYC)

Skin Cancer Video

Click here to view a video on skin cancer.

Figure 3.15 – Psoriasis. This photograph demonstrates the characteristic white skin patches of
this condition.



sebaceous cyst sebum filled sac forms around sebaceous gland

cancer of epidermis layer; may invade deeper tissue
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
and metastasize

chronic disease of connective tissue; injures skin,
systemic lupus erythematosus
joints, & kidneys; produces red, scaly butterfly rash
(SLE)
across face

tinea fungal infection; itching & scaling lesions


tinea capitis fungal infection on scalp; ringworm

tinea pedis fungal infection of foot; athlete’s foot

varicella contagious viral infection; chickenpox

disappearance of pigment from skin in patches; causes milk-white
vitiligo
lesions

wet gangrene area of gangrene with secondary bacterial infection and pus

Figure 3.16 – Varicella or chickenpox, a viral skin infection. In this photograph, the rash is
beginning to form scabs.


Pathology of the Hair
alopecia absence or loss of hair; baldness

carbuncle furuncle involving several hair follicles

bacterial infection of hair follicle; redness, pain, and
furuncle
swelling; a boil

Pathology of the Nails
Onychia
infected nail bed

paronychia infection of skin fold around nail

Clinical Laboratory Tests

culture & sensitivity grows bacteria removed from infected area to identify infecting
(C&S) bacteria; then determines sensitivity to various antibiotics

Biopsy Procedures
biopsy removal of piece of tissue to examine under a microscope; aids in
(BX, bx) diagnosis

exfoliative cytology scraping cells from tissue to examine under microscope

frozen section thin piece of tissue is cut from frozen specimen for rapid examination
(FS) under microscope

scrapings from lesion is cultured and then examined under
fungal scrapings
microscope

Skin Grafting

skin graft (SG) transfer of skin from normal area to cover another site

allograft skin graft from one person to another

autograft skin graft from a person’s own body

skin graft from an animal of another species; usually a pig;
heterograft
xenograft

skin graft from an animal of another species; usually a pig;
xenograft
heterograft

Figure 3.17 – A freshly applied autograft. Note that the donor skin has been perforated so that it
can be stretched to cover a larger exposed area. (Courtesy of Dr. William Dominic,
Community Regional Medical Center)


Skin Grafting

instrument for cutting skin or for producing thin transplants
dermatome
of skin

dermatoplasty skin grafting

Surgical Procedures

destruction of tissue by using chemicals, electricity, heat,
cauterization
or freezing

cryosurgery use of extreme cold to freeze and destroy tissue

curettage removal of superficial skin lesion with a scraper (curette)

removal of foreign material & dead or damaged tissue
debridement
from wound

Debridement - Decubitis

removal of foreign material &
debridement dead or damaged tissue
from wound

Surgical Procedures

electrocautery using an electric current to destroy tissue

incision & drainage (I&D) making an incision to drain material such as pus

Surgical Procedures

incision & drainage making an incision to drain
(I&D) material such as pus

Plastic Surgery

chemabrasion abrasions using chemicals; chemical peel

abrasion using wire brushes or sandpaper; removes
dermabrasion
scars, tattoos

laser therapy removal of lesions using a laser beam

liposuction removal of fat beneath skin by means of suction

surgical removal of excess skin to eliminate wrinkles; face
rhytidectomy
lift

Integumentary Pharmacology

anesthetics deaden pain Xylocaine, Novocain

antibiotics kill bacteria Neosporin

antifungals kill fungi Monistat, Lotrimin

antiparasitics kill mites or lice Kwell, Nix

Integumentary Pharmacology

antipruritics reduce severe itching Benadryl, Caladryl

isopropyl alcohol, hydrogen
antiseptics kill bacteria
peroxide

anti-virals treat herpes simplex infection Valtrex, Zovirax

corticosteroid cream powerful anti-inflammatory Cortaid; Kenalog

Integumentary Abbreviations
BCC basal cell carcinoma

BX, bx biopsy

C&S culture and sensitivity

decub decubitus ulcer

Derm, derm dermatology

FS frozen section

HSV herpes simplex virus

I&D incision and drainage

ID intradermal

MM malignant melanoma

SCC squamous cell carcinoma

SG skin graft

SLE systemic lupus erythematosus

STSG split thickness skin graft

subcu, SC, sc, subq subcutaneous

UV ultraviolet

Integumentary System

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (20)

Ähnlich wie Integumentary System

Ähnlich wie Integumentary System (20)

Mehr von whitchur

Mehr von whitchur (9)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Integumentary System