4. The nature of the soundThe nature of the sound
Sound is due to changes in air pressureSound is due to changes in air pressure
5. Five octaves of a soundFive octaves of a sound
Musical tones can be represented as notes
on a staff or as frequency of vibration in Hz
Musical tones can be represented as notes
on a staff or as frequency of vibration in Hz
6. Direct dependence among the sound waves
frequency pressure and perceived tone
Direct dependence among the sound waves
frequency pressure and perceived tone
The higher the frequency, the higher the perceived toneThe higher the frequency, the higher the perceived tone
7. ound pressure, sound pressure level and loudness leveound pressure, sound pressure level and loudness leve
8. Outer, middle and internal subdivisions of the earOuter, middle and internal subdivisions of the ear
9. Peripheral and conductive parts of the
auditory sensory system
Peripheral and conductive parts of the
auditory sensory system
10. The inner and outer hair cells, the basilar membrane
and cochlear nerve fibers
The inner and outer hair cells, the basilar membrane
and cochlear nerve fibers
The periotic fluid or perilymph
separates the bony labyrinth
from the membranous labyrinth
The periotic fluid or perilymph
separates the bony labyrinth
from the membranous labyrinth
The otic fluid or endolymph
fills the membranous labyrinth
The otic fluid or endolymph
fills the membranous labyrinth
11. Path taken by sound waves reaching the inner earPath taken by sound waves reaching the inner ear
12. The scheme of the migrating wave in cochleaThe scheme of the migrating wave in cochlea
13. The scheme showing how the up-and-down movement of
the basilar and tectorial membrane causes the stereoci-
lia extending from the hair cells to bend back and forth
The scheme showing how the up-and-down movement of
the basilar and tectorial membrane causes the stereoci-
lia extending from the hair cells to bend back and forth
14. Frequency-dependent mechanical events in cochleaFrequency-dependent mechanical events in cochlea
The higher the frequency of the sound,
the closer the site is to the stapes
The higher the frequency of the sound,
the closer the site is to the stapes
15. Electrical potentials in the cochlea
together with electrolyte distribution
Electrical potentials in the cochlea
together with electrolyte distribution
There are 5 types of the
cochlear AP:
1. The AP of the inner hair cell
2. The AP of the outer hair cell
3. The microphonic AP
4. The AP of the endolymph
5. The AP of the cochlear nerve
There are 5 types of the
cochlear AP:
1. The AP of the inner hair cell
2. The AP of the outer hair cell
3. The microphonic AP
4. The AP of the endolymph
5. The AP of the cochlear nerve
25. Mechanical sensationMechanical sensation
The pacinian corpuscle is a
very rapidly adapting receptor
with a large receptive field that is
used to encode high-frequency
(100–400 Hz) vibratory sensation.
The receptor is located on the end of a
group B myelinated fiber, which is inser-
ted into an onion-like lamellar capsule
The pacinian corpuscle is a
very rapidly adapting receptor
with a large receptive field that is
used to encode high-frequency
(100–400 Hz) vibratory sensation.
The receptor is located on the end of a
group B myelinated fiber, which is inser-
ted into an onion-like lamellar capsule
The spindle-shaped Ruffini's corpuscle
is a slowly adapting receptor that
encodes pressure. It has a large
receptive field that is used to encode
the magnitude of a stimulus.
The receptor is located on the terminal
of a group B axon that is covered by a
liquid-filled collagen capsule. Collagen
strands within the capsule make contact
with the nerve fiber and the overlying skin.
The spindle-shaped Ruffini's corpuscle
is a slowly adapting receptor that
encodes pressure. It has a large
receptive field that is used to encode
the magnitude of a stimulus.
The receptor is located on the terminal
of a group B axon that is covered by a
liquid-filled collagen capsule. Collagen
strands within the capsule make contact
with the nerve fiber and the overlying skin.
Meissner's corpuscle is a rapidly
adapting receptor that participates
in the touch sensation and low-
frequency (10–100 Hz) vibration.
The receptor is located at the end of a
single group B afferent fiber that is
inserted into a small capsule.
Meissner's corpuscle is a rapidly
adapting receptor that participates
in the touch sensation and low-
frequency (10–100 Hz) vibration.
The receptor is located at the end of a
single group B afferent fiber that is
inserted into a small capsule.
Merkel’s disk is a slowly adapting
receptor with a small receptive field
that is also used to encode the
touch sensation.
The epithelial sensory cells form synaptic
connections with branches of a
single group B afferent fiber.
Merkel’s disk is a slowly adapting
receptor with a small receptive field
that is also used to encode the
touch sensation.
The epithelial sensory cells form synaptic
connections with branches of a
single group B afferent fiber.
