high school psychology

1. PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 3
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR
Section 1: The Nervous System
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
Section 3: The Endocrine System
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
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2. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Human
Nervous System
______________ ______________
_______________________ _______________________
_______________________
________________________
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3. Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the two main parts of the nervous
system?
Central nervous
system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous
system
Everything else…
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4. Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
In order to understand how it works, we must first
understand what the nerve cells are and how do
they communicate.
Nerve cells are
called neurons.
…send and receive
messages from
other structures in
the body.
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5. Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the components of a neuron?
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon
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6. Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do neurons communicate?
Synapse: a junction
between the axon
terminals of one
neuron and the
dendrites of another
neuron.
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7. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: If there is no physical connection between
neurons, how is the message relayed?
Neurotransmitters: chemicals that are stored in
sacs in the axon terminals.
The message is converted into an electrical
impulse that travels the length of the neuron.
It is then transmitted to the next neuron by
neurotransmitters until it arrives at its
destination – usually the brain.
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8. Chapter 3
Section 1: The Nervous System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: Why are neurotransmitters so important?
Neurotransmitters are involved in everything
we do.
Some diseases and psychological disorders
may be caused by the presence of too much or
too little of various neurotransmitters.
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9. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Researchers have identified dozens of neurotransmitters
and their functions.
Acetylcholine: involved in muscle control
Dopamine: primarily motor behavior
Noradrenaline: “fight or flight” chemical
Serotonin: involved in emotional arousal and
sleep
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10. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Human
Nervous System
Central ____________________
Nervous System
____________________ ________________________
_____________________
________________________
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11. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What makes up the Central Nervous System
(CNS)?
the spinal
cord
the brain
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12. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is a spinal reflex?
…a simple automatic
response to
something.
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13. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Human
Nervous System
Central Peripheral
Nervous System Nervous System
______________________ _______________________
________________________
__________________________
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14. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
…is responsible for transmitting messages
between the central nervous system and all
parts of the body.
There are two main divisions of the PNS:
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
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15. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Human
Nervous System
Central Peripheral
Nervous System Nervous System
Somatic _______________________
Nervous System
_______________________
_________________________
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16. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the Somatic Nervous System?
…is the portion of the nervous system
responsible for voluntary body movement and
for sensing external stimuli.
All five senses are controlled by the somatic
nervous system.
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17. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Human
Nervous System
Central Peripheral
Nervous System Nervous System
Somatic Autonomic
Nervous System Nervous System
_______________________
_________________________
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18. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the autonomic nervous system?
… is the part of your
nervous system that
controls involuntary
actions, such as the
beating of your heart and
the widening or
narrowing of your blood
vessels.
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19. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: Why would psychologists be interested in the
autonomic nervous system?
… because of its involvement in the
experience of emotion.
…particularly when someone experiences
something stressful in the environment.
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20. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Human
Nervous System
Central Peripheral
Nervous System Nervous System
Somatic Autonomic
Nervous System Nervous System
Sympathetic
Nervous System
Parasympathetic
Nervous System
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21. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the two divisions of the autonomic
nervous system?
Sympathetic system
…activated when a person is
going into action.
“fight or flight” response
Parasympathetic system
…restores the body – constant
opposition to the sympathetic
system
“rest and digest”
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22. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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23. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
END OF SECTION 1
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24. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the major structures of the brain, and
what is the function of each structure?
MAJOR STRUCTURES AND
FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
Hindbrain – lower part of the
brain involved in many vital
functions such as heart rate,
respiration and balance
Midbrain – includes areas that are
involved in vision and hearing
Forebrain – front area of the brain
involved in complex functions
such as thought and emotion
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25. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the major structures of the hindbrain?
The "lower" brain, or
hindbrain, mainly supports
vital bodily functions.
medulla ~ heartbeat, blood
pressure and breathing
pons ~ face sensation and
movement, sleep/wake cycle
cerebellum ~ balance &
coordination
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26. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the function of the midbrain?
… is the smallest region of
the brain that acts as a sort
of relay station for auditory
and visual information.
… controls many important
functions such as the visual
and auditory systems as well
as eye movement.
Contains part of the
reticular activating system.
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27. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the reticular activating system?
…is like a filter between
your conscious mind
and your subconscious
mind.
Important for attention,
sleep, and arousal.
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28. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the four major areas of the forebrain?
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system
Cerebrum
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29. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the function of the thalamus?
…serves as a relay
station for sensory
stimulation
i.e., input from eyes and
ears for interpretation
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30. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the function of the hypothalamus?
…thirst, hunger, body
temperature, water
balance, and blood
pressure, and links the
nervous system to the
endocrine system.
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31. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the function of the limbic system?
…involved in learning
and memory, emotion,
hunger, sex, and
aggression
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32. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the function of the cerebrum?
…things like
perception, imagination,
thought, judgment, and
decision occur here.
70% of the weight of
the brain
Surface is called the
cerebral cortex.
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33. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
The Cerebral Cortex: What Makes Us Unique!
Composed of two sides
called hemispheres
The two hemispheres
are connected by the
corpus callosum
Each hemisphere is
divided into four parts
or lobes.
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34. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What are the four parts of each hemisphere?
Frontal
Pariental
Temporal
Occipital
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35. Chapter 3 PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
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36. Chapter 3
Section 2: The Brain: Our Control Center
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question:
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37. Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY
Pituitary Gland – responsible for the secretion of
many different hormones that affect various aspects
of behavior such as the growth hormone
Thyroid Gland – produces thyroxin which affects the
body’s metabolism
Adrenal Gland – the outer layer of the adrenal gland,
or cortex, secretes cortical steroids which increase
resistance to stress and promote muscle development
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38. Chapter 3
Section 3: The Endocrine System
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: How do hormones secreted by the major glands
of the endocrine system affect the body?
HORMONES AND EFFECT ON THE BODY (continued)
Testes and Ovaries – produce the hormones
testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone that play an
important role in development, development of
primary and secondary sex characteristics and have
psychological as well as biological effects
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39. Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity, and how do psychologists study the
role of heredity in determining traits?
ROLE OF CHROMOSOMES AND GENES IN HEREDITY
Genes are the basic building blocks of heredity and
traits are determined by pairs of genes
Most normal human cells contain 46 hormones which
develop particular traits in an individual
The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines the male
or female sex
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40. Chapter 3
Section 4: Heredity: Our Genetic Background
PSYCHOLOGY
PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Question: What is the role of chromosomes and genes in
heredity, and how do psychologists study the
role of heredity in determining traits?
THE STUDY OF THE ROLE OF HEREDITY
Role of heredity in studies through various types of
kinship research such as:
A. Twin Studies – a useful way to learn about nature and nurture
B. Adoptee Studies – provide ways of sorting out the effects of
nature and nurture
C. Twins Reared Apart – a way of finding out that twins reared
apart share many of the same mannerisms despite their
separation
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